Ap Psych Unit 7

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

processing of information into the memory system – for example, by extracting meaning

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

the process of retaining encoded information over time

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Question 5

parallel processing

Answer 5

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions. contrasts with step-by-step processing of most computers and conscious problem solving.

Question 6

what happens to the neurons in your brain every time you learn something new?

Answer 6

new connections and neurons are created, making existing neural pathways stronger or weaker

Question 7

3 steps of forming memories

Answer 7

1. sensory memory
2. short-term memory
3. long-term memory

Question 8

Sensory memory

Answer 8

the memory of something while the sense is stimulated. the step right before short-term memory

Question 9

short-term memory

Answer 9

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, before the information is stored or forgotten

Question 10

long-term memory

Answer 10

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, and experience.

Question 11

working memory (short-term memory)

Answer 11

focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information retrieved from long-term memory

Question 12

explicit memory (declarative memory)

Answer 12

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”

Question 13

how explicit memories are processed

Answer 13

effortful processing

Question 14

effortful processing

Answer 14

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 15

implicit memory (non-declarative memory)

Answer 15

retention independent of conscious recollection

Question 16

how implicit memories are processed

Answer 16

automatic processing

Question 17

automatic processing

Answer 17

unconscious processing of incidental information

Question 18

what things are automatically processed

Answer 18

space, time, and frequency, and well-learned information like word meanings

Question 19

iconic memory

Answer 19

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Question 20

echoic memory

Answer 20

registers and temporarily holds auditory information until processed/comprehended

Question 21

chunking

Answer 21

organizing information into familiar, manageable units

Question 22

mnemonics

Answer 22

memory aids that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Question 23

hierarchies

Answer 23

a few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts

Question 24

spacing effect

Answer 24

tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Question 25

testing effect

Answer 25

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

Question 26

shallow processing

Answer 26

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words (ie. the words’ letters and sound)

Question 27

deep processing

Answer 27

encoding information semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

Question 28

what part of the brain lays down new explicit memory

Answer 28

hippocampus

Question 29

what happens to memories while you are sleeping

Answer 29

they are processed for later retrieval

Question 30

what kind of memory stores implicit memories (from classical conditioning)

Answer 30

cerebellum

Question 31

flashbulb memories

Answer 31

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 32

what part of the brain is involved in emotional memories like flashbulb memories

Answer 32

amygdala

Question 33

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 33

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

Question 34

retrieval

Answer 34

getting information out

Question 35

recall

Answer 35

retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time. fill-in-the-blank questions test your recall

Question 36

recognition

Answer 36

identifying items previously learned. a multiple choice question tests your recall

Question 37

relearning

Answer 37

learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time. when you study for a final exam or engage a language used in early childhood, you will relearn the material more easily than you did initially

Question 38

Ebbinghaus

Answer 38

discovered that we remember more than we recall

Question 39

priming

Answer 39

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Question 40

state-dependent memory

Answer 40

we remember things easier when we are in the same state we learn them in

Question 41

mood congruent

Answer 41

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

Question 42

serial position effect

Answer 42

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Question 43

anterograde

Answer 43

inability to form new memories

Question 44

retrograde amnesia

Answer 44

an ability to retrieve information from one’s past

Question 45

encoding failure examples

Answer 45

selective attention, age

Question 46

proactive interference

Answer 46

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Question 47

retroactive interference

Answer 47

disruptive interference of new learning on the recall of old information

Question 48

repression

Answer 48

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from conscious anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Question 49

psychologist with repression

Answer 49

Sigmond Freud

Question 50

reconsolidation

Question 51

misinformation effect

Answer 51

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event

Question 52

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 52

discovered that people’s memories were altered based on the wording of the question asked

Question 53

source amnesia

Answer 53

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined at the heart of many false memories

Question 54

prototypes

Answer 54

mental image or best example of a category