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Spanish > AP Psych Unit 5 > Flashcards

AP Psych Unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

learning

A

process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information and behaviors

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2
Q

habituation

A

decreasing response to a stimulus due to repeated exposure

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3
Q

associative learning

A

learning that certain events happen together

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4
Q

cognitive learning

A

acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events or watching others, or through language

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5
Q

classical conditionging

A

learning to link two or more stimuli to anticipate events

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6
Q

person associated with classical conditioning

A

Ivan Pavlov

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7
Q

behaviorism

A

view that psychology is an (a) objective science that (b) studies behavior without reference to mental processes

modern psychologists agree with a & not b

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8
Q

person associated with behaviorism

A

John B. Watson

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9
Q

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response
(ie. food in Pavlov’s experiment)

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10
Q

unconditioned response (UCR)

A

in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
(ie. drooling in Pavlov’s experiment)

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11
Q

neutral stimulus (NS)

A

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
(ie. the tone in Pavlov’s experiment)

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12
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant (neutral) stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
(ie. the tone in Pavlov’s experiment)

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13
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral, but now conditioned, stimulus
(ie. salvation in response to the tone)

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14
Q

acquisition in classical conditioning

A

when one links a neutral stimulus to an unconditioned stimulus so the NS will trigger the conditioned response

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15
Q

acquisition in operant conditioning

A

the strengthening of a reinforced response

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16
Q

higher-order/second order conditioning

A

in classical conditioning, when a conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus to create a second conditioned stimulus

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17
Q

extinction

A

diminished responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus no longer signals an impending conditioned response

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18
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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19
Q

generalization

A

the tendency, once a response is conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

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20
Q

discrimination

A

the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that are not similar enough and do not trigger a response

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21
Q

operant conditioning

A

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

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22
Q

person associated with operant conditioning

A

B. F. Skinner

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23
Q

law of effect

A

principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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24
Q

person who created the law of effect

A

Edward L. Thorndike

25
Q

skinner box/operant chamber

A

used for operant conditioning with rats

26
Q

reinforcement

A

in operant conditioning, any consequence that strengthens behavior

27
Q

shaping

A

operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

28
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement
(ie. traffic lights & birds distinguishing humans from other things)

29
Q

primary reinforcers

A

innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
(ie. eating when hungry, having headache go away)

30
Q

secondary reinforcers

A

stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
(ie. light that signals food in a skinner box)

31
Q

reinforcement schedule

A

pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

32
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

33
Q

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

A

reinforcing a stimulus only part of the time; results in slower acquisition & greater resistance to extinction

34
Q

fixed-ratio schedule

A

reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

35
Q

variable-ratio schedule

A

reinforces a response after an unpredicted number of responses

36
Q

fixed interval schedule

A

reinforces a response only after a certain amount of time has elapsed

37
Q

variable-interval schedule

A

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

38
Q

positive punishment

A

administers an aversive stimulus

39
Q

negative punishment

A

withdraw a rewarding stimulus

40
Q

person associated with taste aversion

A

John Garcia

41
Q

published that model of associative learning & studied conditioning

A

Rescorla & Wagner

42
Q

who created the cognitive map (studied mice in mazes)

A

Tolman

43
Q

cognitive map

A

mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

44
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
(ie. watching someone do something new and repeating it later)

45
Q

insight

A

sudden realization of a problem’s solution

46
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

doing something for its own sake

47
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

doing something for the sake of rewards/punishments

48
Q

problem-focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress directly, by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

49
Q

emotion-focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction

50
Q

learned helplessness

A

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

51
Q

external locus of control

A

perception that chance or outside forces beyond our control determine our fatein

52
Q

internal locus of control

A

perpection that you control your own fate

53
Q

self-control

A

ability to control impulses & delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

54
Q

observational learning

A

learning by observing others

55
Q

modeling

A

the process of observing & imitating a specific behavior

56
Q

person associated with observational learning

A

Albert Bandura

57
Q

experiment from Albert Bandura

A

Bobo doll experiment

58
Q

mirror neurons

A

a brain cell that reacts both when an action is performed and observed

59
Q

prosocial behavior

A

positive, constructive, or helpful behavior; opposite of antisocial behavior

Spanish (16 decks)

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