AP Psych Unit 5 Flashcards
learning
process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information and behaviors
habituation
decreasing response to a stimulus due to repeated exposure
associative learning
learning that certain events happen together
cognitive learning
acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events or watching others, or through language
classical conditionging
learning to link two or more stimuli to anticipate events
person associated with classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
behaviorism
view that psychology is an (a) objective science that (b) studies behavior without reference to mental processes
modern psychologists agree with a & not b
person associated with behaviorism
John B. Watson
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response
(ie. food in Pavlov’s experiment)
unconditioned response (UCR)
in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus
(ie. drooling in Pavlov’s experiment)
neutral stimulus (NS)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
(ie. the tone in Pavlov’s experiment)
conditioned stimulus (CS)
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant (neutral) stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
(ie. the tone in Pavlov’s experiment)
conditioned response (CR)
in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral, but now conditioned, stimulus
(ie. salvation in response to the tone)
acquisition in classical conditioning
when one links a neutral stimulus to an unconditioned stimulus so the NS will trigger the conditioned response
acquisition in operant conditioning
the strengthening of a reinforced response
higher-order/second order conditioning
in classical conditioning, when a conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus to create a second conditioned stimulus
extinction
diminished responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus no longer signals an impending conditioned response
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
generalization
the tendency, once a response is conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
discrimination
the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that are not similar enough and do not trigger a response
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
person associated with operant conditioning
B. F. Skinner
law of effect
principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
person who created the law of effect
Edward L. Thorndike
skinner box/operant chamber
used for operant conditioning with rats
reinforcement
in operant conditioning, any consequence that strengthens behavior
shaping
operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
discriminative stimulus
in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement
(ie. traffic lights & birds distinguishing humans from other things)
primary reinforcers
innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
(ie. eating when hungry, having headache go away)
secondary reinforcers
stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
(ie. light that signals food in a skinner box)
reinforcement schedule
pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
partial (intermittent) reinforcement
reinforcing a stimulus only part of the time; results in slower acquisition & greater resistance to extinction
fixed-ratio schedule
reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
variable-ratio schedule
reinforces a response after an unpredicted number of responses
fixed interval schedule
reinforces a response only after a certain amount of time has elapsed
variable-interval schedule
reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
positive punishment
administers an aversive stimulus
negative punishment
withdraw a rewarding stimulus
person associated with taste aversion
John Garcia
published that model of associative learning & studied conditioning
Rescorla & Wagner
who created the cognitive map (studied mice in mazes)
Tolman
cognitive map
mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
(ie. watching someone do something new and repeating it later)
insight
sudden realization of a problem’s solution
intrinsic motivation
doing something for its own sake
extrinsic motivation
doing something for the sake of rewards/punishments
problem-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress directly, by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
emotion-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction
learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
external locus of control
perception that chance or outside forces beyond our control determine our fatein
internal locus of control
perpection that you control your own fate
self-control
ability to control impulses & delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards
observational learning
learning by observing others
modeling
the process of observing & imitating a specific behavior
person associated with observational learning
Albert Bandura
experiment from Albert Bandura
Bobo doll experiment
mirror neurons
a brain cell that reacts both when an action is performed and observed
prosocial behavior
positive, constructive, or helpful behavior; opposite of antisocial behavior
