ap psych unit 5 part 1 Flashcards
recall
retrieving information known at a earlier time
recognition
identifying items previously learning (multiple choice)
relearning
learning quickly when learned a second time
shallow processing
encoding based on the structure or appearance of words
deep processing
encoding based on the meaning of the words
semantic
facts and general knowledge
episodic
experienced events
hippocampus
a subcortical structure that participates in memory
memory consolidation
the neural storage of a long-term memory
flashbulb memory
a clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
priming
the activation of particular associations in memory
long term potentiation
an increase in cells firing potential after brief, rapid, stimulation
Benjamin Lee Whorf
Famous for describing concept of “liguistic determinism”
Noam Chomsky
theorist who believed that humans have an inborn or “native” propensity to develop language
Elizabeth Loftus
researched misinformation effect in eyewitness testimonies
linguistic influence
the idea that language affects thought
linguistic determination
language determines the way we think
wernicke’s area
control language comprehension
morpheme
the smallest unit that carries meaning (prefixes)
semantics
selecting correct word for intended meaning
phoneme
smallest distinctive sound unit (that= th, a, t
belief perseverance
ignoring evidence thst proves our beleifs are wrong
framing
how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments (gun safety vs gun control)
overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident than correct
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; presume events are common
representativeness heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
fixation
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective
CONFIMATION BIAS
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
INSIGHT
a sudden realization of a problem’s solution
heuristics
simple thinking strategy that allows us to solve problems more efficiently (mental shortcut)
algorithm
a step-by-step procedure that guarantees solving a problem
divergent thinking
expands the number of possible problem solutions, considering many options
convergent thinking
narrowing solutions to a single best solution
cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
deja vu
that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
source amnesia
faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined
misinformation effect
incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event
reconsolidation
a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
repression
keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
retroactive interference
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
proactive interference
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve information from one’s past
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
mood congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
babbling stage
4 months; make noises that are unrelated
one word stage
1-2 years; speaks single words
two word stage
18 months; learn new word per day
aphasia
inability to speak
telegraphic speech
child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs (go car)
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units
broca’s area
Controls language expression
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
implicit memory (nondeclarative)
learned skills or associations in long term memory (unconcious)
explicit memory (declarative)
facts/experiences from long term memory (requires effort and attention)
working memory
active maintenance of information in short-term storage
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information
long term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
short term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly before stored or forgotten
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage (pull out)
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
proposed the classic three-stage processing model of memory
sensory memory, long term memory, short term memory
parallel processing
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously
storage
the process of retaining encoded information over time (organize)
encoding
the processing of new information into the memory system (put in)
Ebbinghaus
nonsense syllables
