ap psych final Flashcards
Cognitive
William Wundt
father of psychology, first lab to study humans
Edward Tichener
introduced structuralism, Wundts studen
William James
founder of functualism, why do that and why does it help
Mary Calkins
First female president of the APA
Charles Darwin
evolution by natural selection
John Watson
founder of behaviorism
positive reinforcement
adding something in to increase a behavior ( giving a treat when your dog shakes your hand)
negative reinforcement
removing something to increase behavior (taking away chores because of good behavior)
reinforcement schedules
a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
fixed- ratio schedule
reinforcement only occurs after a fixed number of responses
variable- ratio schedule
a form of partial reinforcement where rewards are provided after an unpredictable number of responses
primary reinforcer
stimulus that is naturally rewarding such as food, walter and shelter
BF Skinner
behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training region and rats
generalization
responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli
discrimination
the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal a unconditioned stimulus
operant chamber (skinner boz )
containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer
intelligence
the ability to learn form experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt from new situations
grit
passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long term goals
Spearman
creator of general intelligence
Robert Sternburg
tri theory method (analytical, practical, creative)
Howard Garner
theory of multiple intelligences
savant syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
Alfred Binet
designed the first IQ test
Lewis Terman
revised Binets IQ testing established norms for American children ; show that IQ doesn’t necessarily mean to wonderful things in life
the normal curve
the bell shaped curve that describes peoples IQ scores
IQ score and formula
Mental age divided by chronically age multiples by 100
achievement test
a test designed to know what a person has learned
aptitude test
a test designed to predict a future performance
cross-selectional study
a study in which a people of different ages are compared with one another at the same time
longitudinal study
follow and retest people over a period of time
Flynn effect
increase in peoples IQ over a period of time
Sterotype threat
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
convergent thinking
narrowing solutions to a single best solutions
divergent thinking
expands the number of possible problem solutions ; considering many options
morphemes
the smallest unit that carries meaning (prefix)
phonemes
smallest diction sound, (that th, a, t )
stages of language development
- babbling stage - 4 months; make noises that are unrelated
- one word stage - 1-2 years, speak one word
- two word sage - 18 months; learn new word per day
- telegraphic speech- child speaks like a telegram in nouns and verbs, ( GO CAR)
Wernickes aphasia
inability to control language apprehension
Brocas aphasia
inability to control langage oppression
cornea
the transparent layer forming and protecting the front of the eye
hue
the dimension of color determined by the wavelength of light
iris
the ring of muscle that forms the color of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
Lens
the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images onto the retina
retina
the light sensitive inner surface of the eye, begins processing visual information
pupil
the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
blind spot
the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye creating a “blind spot” because no receptor cells are located there
visual cliff
a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
transduction
conversion of one form of energy into another
PET scan
a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
CT scan
a series of x ray photographs taken from different angles an combined by computer into a composite representation of the brains structure
reticular formation
a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal
circadian rhythm
the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.
Hypnagogic sensation
REM sleep
rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur.
sleep apnea
sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.
REM rebound
tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
superchiasmatic nucleus
pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness.
narcolepsy
sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
clinical psychology
branch of psychology that assess and treats mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders
evolutionary psychology
branch of psychology that studies the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principals of natural selection
cognitive psychology
study of brain activity linked with mental activity and how we perceive, process, and remember information
biological psychology
branch of psychology that studies how the body and brain enable emotions
developmental psychology
study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
educational psychology
study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning
Sigmund Frued
Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis. One of the most influential psychologists and is considered the “father of modern psychiatry.”
Mary Whiton Calkins
First woman president of the American Psychological Association/ Functionalist. Also the first woman to gain a PhD in psychology, but was denied the degree by the university. Was taught by William James.
Dorthea Dix
Tireless reformer, who worked mightily to improve the treatment of the mentally ill. Appointed superintendant of women nurses for the Union forces.
Ivan Pavlou
Discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell. he pioneered the study of learning.
nature-nurture debate
controversy over the contributions of biology (genes) and experiences in the development of psychological traits and behaviors (psychology’s biggest issue)
independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
control group
In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
experimental group
In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.
operational defintion
a statement of the procedures used to define research variables
correlation positive and negative
negative - the relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other variable decreases
positive - a relationship between two variables in which both variables either increase or decrease togethe
hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
random sample
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
naturalistic observation
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
mean
average
mode
the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution
median
the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it
range
the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
hypothalamus
A neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion
hippocampus
Connect present with past to remember locations of things in space; if damaged may lose ability to make new memories
reticular formation
A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal
amygdaa
Two almond-shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emoption
frontal lobes
Involved in speaking and muscle movement, plans and judgement
Primary Motor Cortex
parietal lobes
Top rear of brain, behind frontal lobe. Integrates visual input and monitors body position in space
temporal lobes
Primary auditory info; receives auditory information from opposite ear. Damage can impair comprehension of speech and language
Left side dedicated to speech sounds
occipital lobe
Back of head; primary visual cortex, shows what we see. Includes visual areas, which receive info from opposite visual field
cerebellum
The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem; it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance
medulla
The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
thalamus
The brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
corpus callous
A broad transverse nerve tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
plasticity
The brains capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development
reuptake
A neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron
refractory period
The minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin
myelin sheath
A layer of myelin encasing (and insulating) the axons of medullated nerve fibers
agonist
Excite neurons by mimicking natural neurotransmitters or blocking their reuptake to keep more in your system.
antagonist
Blocks neural impulses by blocking receptor sites or diminishing their release
synapse
the junction between two neurons (axon-to-dendrite)
neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons.
endocrine system
The system of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity
hormones
Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another
sympathetic nervous system
The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
lesioning
Destroying a piece of the brain
pituitary gland
The master gland of the endocrine system
