Ap human chapter 5 flashcards
Agriculture
the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops, and raising livestock
Subsistence Agriculture
the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer and mostly found in less developed countries.
Commercial Agriculture
A form of agriculture undertaken in order to generate products for sale off of the farm in order to make a profit.
Bid-Rent theory
a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases
Intensive Agriculture
a type of agriculture, both of crop plants and of animals, with higher levels of input and output per unit of agricultural land area.
Monoculture
the deliberate cultivation of only one single crop in a large land area
plantation agriculture
the production of one or more usually cash crops on a large swathe of land
Extensive Agriculture
system of crop cultivation using small amounts of labour and capital in relation to area of land being farmed
Domestication
the process of adapting wild plants and animals for human use
GMOs
an animal, plant, or microbe whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.
Infrastructure
the basic physical systems of a business, region, or nation and often involves the production of public goods or production processes
Dual Agricultural Economy
An economy having two agricultural sectors that have different levels of technology and different patterns of demand
Agribusiness
combination of the words “agriculture” and “business,” and it refers to commerce in farming and farming-related activities
Vertical Integration
requires a company’s direct ownership of suppliers, distributors, or retail locations to obtain greater control of its supply chain.
Tariffs
a tax charged on goods or services as they move from one country to another
Cash Crop
an agricultural crop that is purposely made strictly to be sold in a market environment for as much money as possible
Agricultural Landscapes
the visible outcomes of the interaction between agriculture, natural resources and the environment, and encompass amenity, cultural, and other societal values.
Deforestation
the purposeful clearing of forested land.
Reservoirs
an artificial lake where water is stored.
Aquifers
a body of porous rock or sediment saturated with groundwater
Salinization
The process of accumulating soluble salts in soil, usually by an upward capillary movement from a saline groundwater source, followed by evaporation from the surface
Debt-For-Nature Swap
an agreement between actors in a lending and borrowing country. to reduce some of the borrowing country’s debt in exchange for the support of a specific. environmental project.
Biotechnology
the manipulation of organisms to carry out specific processes
Precision Agriculture
the science of improving crop yields and assisting management decisions using high technology sensor and analysis tools.
Food Insecurity
limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways
Food Security
when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Economy of Scale
the reduction in the per unit cost of production as the volume of production increases.
mixed crop and livestock systems
a small-scale diversified farm that raises a variety of crops and animals
genetically modified organism
an animal, plant, or microbe whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques
First Agricultural Revolution
humans turned from hunters and gatherers to farmers
Second Agricultural Revolution
began in Great Britain in the 18th century. * It involved the mechanization of agricultural production, advances in transportation, development of large-scale irrigation, and changes to consumption patterns of agricultural goods.
Green Agricultural Revolution
great increase in production of food grains (especially wheat and rice) that resulted in large part from the introduction into developing countries of new, high-yielding varieties, beginning in the mid-20th century.
fair trade
an arrangement designed to help producers in developing countries achieve sustainable and equitable trade relationships
market gardening
the commercial pro- duction of vegetables, fruits, flowers and other plants on a scale larger than a home garden, yet small enough that many of the principles of gardening are applicable
transhumance
a seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures.
