Ap human 6-7 flashcards
Mixed-Use Development (MUD)
A way to limit sprawl and design livable urban spaces
Transportation-Oriented Development
the planning and construction of communities in greater density around or close to public transit stations
New Urbanism
seeks to encourage local community development and sustainable growth in an urban area
Smart-Growth Policies
overall approach of development and conservation strategies that can help protect our health and natural environment
Slow Growth Cities
urban communities where the planners have put into place
Blockbusting
A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood
Redlining
discriminatory practice in which financial institutions and other organizations deny or limit financial services, insurance, or other resources
Filtering
A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner to abandonment
Eminent Domain
the power of federal, state, and local governments to acquire land from private landowners and convert it to public use or to a use with public benefit.
Zones of Abandonment
The lack of jobs, big declines in land value and falling demand can cause properties to become abandoned, extending even to entire neighborhoods
Urban Area
consists of a central city and its surrounding built-up suburbs, with at least 50,000 people
Urban Sprawl
the expansion of cities and urban areas into surrounding rural or undeveloped land
Metropolitan Area
all the areas surrounding a city that can be said to have a high-level of economic or social integration with the city.
Edge City
an urban area with a large suburban residential and business area surrounding it.
Boomburg
rapidly growing (double-digit growth) suburban cities with a population greater than 100,000
Exurb
the ring of prosperous communities beyond the suburbs, that are commuter towns for an urban area
Infill
the construction of new buildings in underutilized or vacant land lots within urban areas
Range
the maximum distance people are willing to travel to get a product or service
Threshold
the population needed to support a particular type of service
Megacity
an urban or metropolitan area which has a population over 10 million people
Metacity
urban areas with over 20 million people and are ranked by population size
Agglomeration
A localized economy in which a large number of companies and industries cluster together and benefit from the cost reductions and gains in efficiency that result from this proximity
Break-of-Bulk Point
the name given to an economic center, like a dockyard, where a manufactured product is assembled and then separated into various shipments ready to be transported to a wide range of markets
Bulk-Gaining Industry
An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs
Bulk-Reducing Industry
An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
a total accounting of a nation’s output, including all expenditures, revenues, and profits
Dual Economies
Industrial Revolution
A period of rapid development of industry that started in Great Britain in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
primary sector
jobs directly related to the extraction of the Earth’s natural resourcePrimary Sector
Least-Cost Theory
suggests that all major corporations make their decisions about where to house their production and manufacturing facilities based on the least possible combination of costs
Quinary Sector
an important extension of the tertiary sector
Quaternary Sector
the industry based on human knowledge which involves technology, information, financial planning, research, and development
Raw Materials
the basic substances or resources that are used to create a finished product
Dependency Theory
holds that LDCs are highly dependent on foreign factories and technologies from MDCs to provide employment and infrastructure
Secondary Sector
The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials
Tertiary Sector
anything that has to do with the sale or exchange of goods
Commodity Dependence
When peripheral economies rely too heavily on the export of raw materials, which places them on unequal terms of exchange with more-developed countries that export higher-value goods
Formal Sector
businesses, enterprises, and other economic activities that have government supervision, monitoring, and protection, and are also taxed
Gender Development Index (GDI)
measures gender inequalities in achievement in three basic dimensions of human development
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
a composite metric of gender inequality using three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and the labour market.
Gross National Income (GNI)
the total amount of money earned by a nation’s people and businesses
Human Development Index (HDI)
measures the status of life in any given place based off of life expectancy, education levels, and income per capita
Gross National Product (GNP)
A measurement of a country’s wealth that includes the total value of all goods and services produced by residents of a country, including domestic and foreign production, in a year
Informal Sector
those workers who are self employed, or who work for those who are self employed
Labor-Market Participation (LMP)
A statistic that determines what percentage of an age group or gender is currently working
Microloan
small loans provided to individuals or small businesses
Export Processing Zone (EPZ)
areas found in many regions of the developing world
Fordism
the use of labor specialization and a moving assembly line production to create a large number of standardized goods at decreased prices for consumers.
Free Trade Zone (FTZ)
allow for goods from foreign countries to be imported without a tariff, that is, without being taxed for the sake of being foreign goods
Just-in-Time Delivery
a method of managing inventory that provides products only as they are needed, rather than storing them.
Neoliberalism
economic policies that promote free market principles, such as deregulation, liberalization, and privatization
Multiplier Effect
how many times money spent circulates through a country’s economy
Offshore Outsourcing
A measurement of a country’s wealth that includes the total value of all goods and services produced by residents of a country
Post-Fordism
the idea that modern industrial production has moved away from mass production in huge factories
Special Economic Zone (SEZ)
designated areas within a country that have special economic regulations that are more favorable than the regulations that apply in the rest of the country.
