AP HUG Unit 4 Vocabulary Flashcards
State (Country)
Political unit with a permanent population and boundaries that are recognized by other states that allows for the administration of laws, collection of taxes, and provision of defense
Nation
People who think of themselves as one based on sense of shared culture and history and who desire political autonomy e.g. Japanese, German, French, Hmong
Nation- State
A state with a single nation (very few exist) e.g. Japan, Iceland, Armenia, Lesotho
Stateless nation
A nation who do not have their own independent state e.g. Palestinians, Basque, Kurds, Hmong
Multinational State
A state with two or more nations (includes most states) e.g. Germany, France, Mexico, China, U.S., Russia
Multi- State Nation
A nation living across states e.g. Koreans, Kurds, Basque, Russians
Autonomous Region
An area which governs itself, but is not an independent country e.g. Greenland, The Azores, Hong Kong, Catalonia and Basque region (Spain)
Semi- Autonomous Region
An area which can govern itself in certain areas, but does not have complete power to govern e.g. Nunavut (Canada), Native American reservations (U.S.)
Microstate
A state that is both small in area and population e.g. Vatican City, Andorra, San Marino
Sovereignty
Final authority over a territory and the right to defend a territorial integrity against incursion
Colonialism
Rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate people and place that creates unequal cultural and economic relations
Imperialism
The drive toward creation and expansion of an empire and then once established, its perpetuation e.g. Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, Japan, China, Russia
Self- Determination
The process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government
Authoritarian Government
Government with a strong central power, no constitutional accountability, no individual freedoms e.g. absolute monarchy (Saudi Arabia), dictatorship (North Korea), fascism (Germany)
Democracy
Government where power resides with the majority (Ancient Greece)
Republic
Government where power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by elected representatives responsible to them and governing according to law (U.S., Germany, France)
Democratization
The process of moving from a non-democracy (authoritarian rule, colonial rule) to a democratic system
Domino Theory
The idea that if one land in a region came under the influence of a communists, then more would follow. This is the basis of U.S. policy to justify intervening in global politics
Forward Capital
A symbolically relocated capital city for economic or political reasons, often to unite the country e.g. Washington D.C., Brasilia
Neocolonialism
Form of indirect control through the use of economic/political pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former colonies in which they continue to be exploited
Shatterbelt
Region endangered by local conflicts within the state or between countries in the area, as well as the involvement of opposing great powers outside the region e.g. Eastern Europe, Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Russia)
Choke Points
Geographical Feature (Sea or Land) that has significant strategic importance e.g. Straits of Gibraltar, English Channel, Panama Canal, Suez Canal
Boundary Definition
Phase in which the boundary is negotiated and legally described
Boundary Delimitation
Phase in which the boundary is drawn on the map
Boundary Demaracation
Phase in which markers are place on the ground (signs, walls, fences)
Boundary Administration
Phase in which the boundary is maintained
Irredentism
When a state wants to annex territory whose population is ethnically similar e.g. Russia Annexation of Crimea
Antecedent Boundary
Boundary in the natural landscape that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place as people moved in e.g. Rain forest between Malaysia and Indonesia, Mountains between France and Spain, Lakes between U.S. and Canada
Consequent Boundary
Boundary that coincides with cultural groups (religion, language) e.g. Europe
Subsequent Boundary
Boundary that evolves as the cultural landscape of an area takes shape and changes as cultural landscape changes e.g. Northern Ireland and Ireland, Pakistan and India, Sudan and South Sudan
Superimposed Boundary
Boundary that is drawn by powerful outsiders (e.g. colonizers) and ignores existing cultural groups e.g. Israel and Palestine, Yugoslavia, Africa
Relict (relic) Boundary
Boundary that no longer exists as an international border, but remnants of its existence remain e.g. North and South Vietnam, Berlin Wall
Geometric Boundary
Boundary that follows a straight line or arc e.g. US and Canada on Western US, North and South Korea, colonial boundaries in Africa (Berlin Conference)
Enclave
A small relatively homogenous group or region surrounded by a larger and different region OR wholly lying within the boundaries of another country e.g. Lesotho, Nagorno-Karabakh part of Armenia surrounded by Azerbaijan
Exclave
A part of a state that is separated by the territory of another state e.g. Alaska, Kaliningrad from Russia
Frontier Zone
Area where borders are weak and shifting, where many states or people lay claim e.g. Antartica, Amazon Basin
Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)
A buffer zone created by treaties/agreements between two or more military powers that falls on either side of the actual boundary e.g. DMZ between North and South Korea
Apartheid
Racial discrimination policy
Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
Established rights and responsibilities of states concerning ownership/use of oceans/seas and their resources as developed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Territorial Sea
Zone of water adjacent to a state’s coast (12 miles) in which a state has sovereignty
Contiguous Zone
Zone of water adjacent to Territorial Sea (24 miles) in which state can enforce customs, immigration, and sanitation laws
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
Zone of water adjacent to Contiguous Zone (200 miles) in which a state has the right to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage resources
International Waters (High Seas)
Ocean beyond the EEZ, in which all states have equal access
Median-Line Principle
Method used to divide the waters between states that do not have 400 miles between them
Voting District
Subdivision for electing members to a legislative body
Redistricting
When voting districts are redrawn due to changes in population
Gerrymander
Redistricting that is unfair and gives an advantage to a particular political party by concentrating voting strength
Unitary State
State that is governed as a single unit with a central top down form of form of governance where local territories only have power that is granted by the central government e.g. U.K., France, Spain, China, Italy
Federal State
State where there is a division in power between a central government and local territories/provinces/States/oblasts e.g. Canada, U.S., Russia
Devolution
The transfer of decision-making power from a central government to a lower level
Supranationalism
Political and/or economic alliance of three or more states that is formed for mutual benefit to promote shared goals and resolve disputes, but can limit the economic or political actions of member states creating a challenge to state sovereignty
Military Alliance
Alliance between two or more states who agree on mutual protection and support in case of a crisis e.g. NATO formed to defend against threats by communist countries after WWII (Cold War: period of political and military tension between the USSR and Western states after WWII)
Trade Agreement
Treaty between two or more states who agree on trade, tariffs, taxes, and often includes investment guarantees e.g. NAFTA formed to eliminate tariffs on trade between Canada, Mexico, and the U.S.
Economies of Scale
Cost advantages gained by an increased level of production
