AP HUG Unit 4 Vocabulary

Question 1

State (Country)

Answer 1

Political unit with a permanent population and boundaries that are recognized by other states that allows for the administration of laws, collection of taxes, and provision of defense

Question 2

Nation

Answer 2

People who think of themselves as one based on sense of shared culture and history and who desire political autonomy e.g. Japanese, German, French, Hmong

Question 3

Nation- State

Answer 3

A state with a single nation (very few exist) e.g. Japan, Iceland, Armenia, Lesotho

Question 4

Stateless nation

Answer 4

A nation who do not have their own independent state e.g. Palestinians, Basque, Kurds, Hmong

Question 5

Multinational State

Answer 5

A state with two or more nations (includes most states) e.g. Germany, France, Mexico, China, U.S., Russia

Question 6

Multi- State Nation

Answer 6

A nation living across states e.g. Koreans, Kurds, Basque, Russians

Question 7

Autonomous Region

Answer 7

An area which governs itself, but is not an independent country e.g. Greenland, The Azores, Hong Kong, Catalonia and Basque region (Spain)

Question 8

Semi- Autonomous Region

Answer 8

An area which can govern itself in certain areas, but does not have complete power to govern e.g. Nunavut (Canada), Native American reservations (U.S.)

Question 9

Microstate

Answer 9

A state that is both small in area and population e.g. Vatican City, Andorra, San Marino

Question 10

Sovereignty

Answer 10

Final authority over a territory and the right to defend a territorial integrity against incursion

Question 11

Colonialism

Answer 11

Rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate people and place that creates unequal cultural and economic relations

Question 12

Imperialism

Answer 12

The drive toward creation and expansion of an empire and then once established, its perpetuation e.g. Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, Japan, China, Russia

Question 13

Self- Determination

Answer 13

The process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government

Question 14

Authoritarian Government

Answer 14

Government with a strong central power, no constitutional accountability, no individual freedoms e.g. absolute monarchy (Saudi Arabia), dictatorship (North Korea), fascism (Germany)

Question 15

Democracy

Answer 15

Government where power resides with the majority (Ancient Greece)

Question 16

Republic

Answer 16

Government where power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by elected representatives responsible to them and governing according to law (U.S., Germany, France)

Question 17

Democratization

Answer 17

The process of moving from a non-democracy (authoritarian rule, colonial rule) to a democratic system

Question 18

Domino Theory

Answer 18

The idea that if one land in a region came under the influence of a communists, then more would follow. This is the basis of U.S. policy to justify intervening in global politics

Question 19

Forward Capital

Answer 19

A symbolically relocated capital city for economic or political reasons, often to unite the country e.g. Washington D.C., Brasilia

Question 20

Neocolonialism

Answer 20

Form of indirect control through the use of economic/political pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former colonies in which they continue to be exploited

Question 21

Shatterbelt

Answer 21

Region endangered by local conflicts within the state or between countries in the area, as well as the involvement of opposing great powers outside the region e.g. Eastern Europe, Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Russia)

Question 22

Choke Points

Answer 22

Geographical Feature (Sea or Land) that has significant strategic importance e.g. Straits of Gibraltar, English Channel, Panama Canal, Suez Canal

Question 23

Boundary Definition

Answer 23

Phase in which the boundary is negotiated and legally described

Question 24

Boundary Delimitation

Answer 24

Phase in which the boundary is drawn on the map

Question 25

Boundary Demaracation

Answer 25

Phase in which markers are place on the ground (signs, walls, fences)

Question 26

Boundary Administration

Answer 26

Phase in which the boundary is maintained

Question 27

Irredentism

Answer 27

When a state wants to annex territory whose population is ethnically similar e.g. Russia Annexation of Crimea

Question 28

Antecedent Boundary

Answer 28

Boundary in the natural landscape that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place as people moved in e.g. Rain forest between Malaysia and Indonesia, Mountains between France and Spain, Lakes between U.S. and Canada

Question 29

Consequent Boundary

Answer 29

Boundary that coincides with cultural groups (religion, language) e.g. Europe

Question 30

Subsequent Boundary

Answer 30

Boundary that evolves as the cultural landscape of an area takes shape and changes as cultural landscape changes e.g. Northern Ireland and Ireland, Pakistan and India, Sudan and South Sudan

Question 31

Superimposed Boundary

Answer 31

Boundary that is drawn by powerful outsiders (e.g. colonizers) and ignores existing cultural groups e.g. Israel and Palestine, Yugoslavia, Africa

Question 32

Relict (relic) Boundary

Answer 32

Boundary that no longer exists as an international border, but remnants of its existence remain e.g. North and South Vietnam, Berlin Wall

Question 33

Geometric Boundary

Answer 33

Boundary that follows a straight line or arc e.g. US and Canada on Western US, North and South Korea, colonial boundaries in Africa (Berlin Conference)

Question 34

Enclave

Answer 34

A small relatively homogenous group or region surrounded by a larger and different region OR wholly lying within the boundaries of another country e.g. Lesotho, Nagorno-Karabakh part of Armenia surrounded by Azerbaijan

Question 35

Exclave

Answer 35

A part of a state that is separated by the territory of another state e.g. Alaska, Kaliningrad from Russia

Question 36

Frontier Zone

Answer 36

Area where borders are weak and shifting, where many states or people lay claim e.g. Antartica, Amazon Basin

Question 37

Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)

Answer 37

A buffer zone created by treaties/agreements between two or more military powers that falls on either side of the actual boundary e.g. DMZ between North and South Korea

Question 38

Apartheid

Answer 38

Racial discrimination policy

Question 39

Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

Answer 39

Established rights and responsibilities of states concerning ownership/use of oceans/seas and their resources as developed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

Question 40

Territorial Sea

Answer 40

Zone of water adjacent to a state’s coast (12 miles) in which a state has sovereignty

Question 41

Contiguous Zone

Answer 41

Zone of water adjacent to Territorial Sea (24 miles) in which state can enforce customs, immigration, and sanitation laws

Question 42

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

Answer 42

Zone of water adjacent to Contiguous Zone (200 miles) in which a state has the right to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage resources

Question 43

International Waters (High Seas)

Answer 43

Ocean beyond the EEZ, in which all states have equal access

Question 44

Median-Line Principle

Answer 44

Method used to divide the waters between states that do not have 400 miles between them

Question 45

Voting District

Answer 45

Subdivision for electing members to a legislative body

Question 46

Redistricting

Answer 46

When voting districts are redrawn due to changes in population

Question 47

Gerrymander

Answer 47

Redistricting that is unfair and gives an advantage to a particular political party by concentrating voting strength

Question 48

Unitary State

Answer 48

State that is governed as a single unit with a central top down form of form of governance where local territories only have power that is granted by the central government e.g. U.K., France, Spain, China, Italy

Question 49

Federal State

Answer 49

State where there is a division in power between a central government and local territories/provinces/States/oblasts e.g. Canada, U.S., Russia

Question 50

Devolution

Answer 50

The transfer of decision-making power from a central government to a lower level

Question 51

Supranationalism

Answer 51

Political and/or economic alliance of three or more states that is formed for mutual benefit to promote shared goals and resolve disputes, but can limit the economic or political actions of member states creating a challenge to state sovereignty

Question 52

Military Alliance

Answer 52

Alliance between two or more states who agree on mutual protection and support in case of a crisis e.g. NATO formed to defend against threats by communist countries after WWII (Cold War: period of political and military tension between the USSR and Western states after WWII)

Question 53

Trade Agreement

Answer 53

Treaty between two or more states who agree on trade, tariffs, taxes, and often includes investment guarantees e.g. NAFTA formed to eliminate tariffs on trade between Canada, Mexico, and the U.S.

Question 54

Economies of Scale

Answer 54

Cost advantages gained by an increased level of production