AP GOV Chapter 4 Key Terms- Selena Gomez Per. 6 Flashcards
Abraham Lincoln
an American statesman, politician, and lawyer who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in April 1865
Abolotionists
a person who favors the abolition of a practice or institution, especially capital punishment or (formerly) slavery
Alien and Sedition Acts
A series of laws passed by the Federalist Congress in 1798 and signed into law by President Adams. These laws included new powers to deport foreigners as well as making it harder for new immigrants to vote
Bill of Attainder
an act of a legislature declaring a person or group of persons guilty of some crime and punishing them, often without a trial
Bill of Rights
the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution
Black Lives Matter
an international activist movement, originating in the African-American community, that campaigns against violence and systemic racism towards black people
Burger Court
the Supreme Court of the United States from 1969 to 1986, when Warren Burger served as Chief Justice of the United States
Capital Cases
a prosecution case for murder in which a jury is asked to decide whether a defendant should be put to death, if found guilty
Civil Liberties
are personal guarantees and freedoms that the government cannot abridge, either by law or by judicial interpretation, without due process
Civil Rights
a class of rights that protect individuals’ freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals
Clear and Present Danger Test
a doctrine adopted by the Supreme Court of the United States to determine under what circumstances limits can be placed on First Amendment freedoms of speech, press, or assembly
DeJonge v. Oregon (1937)
a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause applies to freedom of assembly
Direct Incitement Test
to determine when inflammatory speech intending to advocate illegal action can be restricted
Double Jeopardy Clause
prohibits anyone from being prosecuted twice for substantially the same crime
Due Process Clause
Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the due process clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government outside the sanction of law
Due Process Rights
the legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person
Earl Warren
an American jurist and politician who served as the 14th Chief Justice of the United States and earlier as the 30th Governor of California
Eight Amendment
This amendment insures that the punishments for crimes are not excessive, cruel, or unusual
Eighteenth Amendment
called for the banning of the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages
Espionage Act
an act that made it illegal to write or speak anything critical of American involvement in the war
Establishment Clause
designed to regulate payment of wages, hours of work, leave, holidays, terms of service and other work conditions of people employed in shop and commercial establishments
exclusionary act
a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers
ex post facto law
a law that retroactively changes the legal consequences of actions that were committed, or relationships that existed, before the enactment of the law
First Amendment
guarantees freedoms concerning religion, expression, assembly, and the right to petition
Fourth Amendment
prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures
Fifth Amendment
imposes restrictions on the government’s prosecution of persons accused of crimes. It prohibits self-incrimination and double jeopardy and mandates due process of law
Fighting words
written or spoken words intended to incite hatred or violence from their target
Free exercise clause
reserves the right of American citizens to accept any religious belief and engage in religious rituals
fundamental freedoms
freedom of expression, freedom of religion, freedom of thought, freedom of belief, freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of association
Gitlow v. New York (1925)
a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States holding that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had extended the reach of certain limitations on federal government authority set forth in the First Amendment
Grand jury
a jury, typically of twenty-three people, selected to examine the validity of an accusation before trial
Hate speech
abusive or threatening speech or writing that expresses prejudice against a particular group, especially on the basis of race, religion, or sexual orientation
incorporation doctrine
a constitutional doctrine through which the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution (known as the Bill of Rights) are made applicable to the states through the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
lemon test
The three-part test enunciated in Lemon v. Kurtzman is used to assess whether a law violates the Establishment Clause
libel
a published false statement that is damaging to a person’s reputation; a written defamation
Miranda Rights
a type of notification customarily given by police to criminal suspects in police custody advising them of their right to silence; that is, their right to refuse to answer questions or provide information to law enforcement or other officials
Fourteenth Amendment
forbidding the states to restrict the basic rights of citizens or other persons.
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
this case held that detained criminal suspects must be informed of their rights prior to police questioning
Miller v. California (1973)
a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court wherein the court redefined its definition of obscenity from that of “utterly without socially redeeming value” to that which lacks “serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value”
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)
A landmark decision in which the Supreme Court ruled that in order to prove libel, a “public official” must show that the newspaper acted “with ‘actual malice’–that is, with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard” for truth
New York Times Co. v. U.S. (1971)
a landmark decision that made it possible for The New York Times and The Washington Post newspapers to publish the then-classified Pentagon Papers without risk of government censorship or punishment
Ninth Amendment
states that there are other rights that may exist aside from the ones explicitly mentioned, and even though they are not listed, it does not mean they can be violated
Occupy Wall Street
a left-wing protest movement that began on September 17, 2011, in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City’s Wall Street financial district, against economic inequality
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992)
a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the constitutionality of several Pennsylvania state statutory provisions regarding abortion was challenged
Prior restraint
censorship imposed, usually by a government or institution, on expression, that prohibits particular instances of expression
right to privacy
an element of various legal traditions to restrain governmental and private actions that threaten the privacy of individuals
Roe v. Wade (1973)
a landmark decision issued in 1973 by the United States Supreme Court on the issue of the constitutionality of laws that criminalized or restricted access to abortions
sedition laws
overt conduct, such as speech and organization, that tends toward insurrection against the established order.
selective incorporation
a constitutional doctrine that ensures states cannot enact laws that take away the constitutional rights of American citizens that are enshrined in the Bill of Rights
September 11th
series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001
sixth amendment
the section of the Bill of Rights that guarantees a citizen a speedy trial, a fair jury, an attorney if the accused person wants one, and the chance to confront the witnesses who is accusing the defendant of a crime
slander
the action or crime of making a false spoken statement damaging to a person’s reputation
substantive due process
principle allowing courts to protect certain fundamental rights from government interference, even if procedural protections are present or the rights are not specifically mentioned elsewhere in the US Constitution
symbolic speech
a legal term in United States law used to describe actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it
tenth amendment
any power that is not given to the federal government is given to the people or the states
The Crown v. Zenger (1735)
a case that led to the freedom of press before the government was even formed
undue burden test
Laws that impose an undue burden on a fundamental right are unconstitutional under current Supreme Court cases
Warren Court
the period in the history of the Supreme Court of the United States during which Earl Warren served as Chief Justice
Warren E. Burger
the 15th Chief Justice of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1986
Whole Women’s Health v. Hellerstedt (2016)
a landmark United States Supreme Court case that ruled that Texas cannot place restrictions on the delivery of abortion services that create an undue burden for women seeking an abortion
writ of habeas corpus
a recourse in law through which a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment to a court and request that the court order the custodian of the person
