AP GOV Chapter 12 Key Terms- Selena Gomez Per. 6

Question 1

501(c) group

Answer 1

Interest groups whose primary purpose is not electoral politics

Question 2

527 political committees

Answer 2

Organizations created with the primary purpose of influencing electoral outcomes; the term is typically applied only to freestanding interest group that do not explicitly advocate for the election of a candidate

Question 3

Barack Obama

Answer 3

The first African American president of the United States, a Democrat, who served as forty-fourth president from 2009 to 2017. Senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008; member of the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004

Question 4

Bernie Sanders

Answer 4

Longest serving independent in the United States Congress. Ran against Hillary Clinton in the 2016 Democratic presidential primary; senator from Vermont since 2007; first elected to the House of Representatives in 1991.

Question 5

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA)

Answer 5

Passed in 2002, this act amended the Federal Electoral Campaign Act of 1971 with several provisions designed to end the use of non federal, or “soft money” (money raised outside the limits and prohibitions of federal campaign finance law) for activity affecting federal elections

Question 6

campaign consultant

Answer 6

A private-sector professional who sells to a candidate the technologies, services, and strategies required to get that candidate elected

Question 7

campaign manager

Answer 7

The individual who travels with the candidate and coordinates the campaign

Question 8

Citizens United v. FEC

Answer 8

The 2010 U.S. Supreme Court Case that enabled corporations and unions have the same political speech rights as individuals under the First Amendment. As part of this ruling, the Supreme Court found that the government may not prohibit corporations or unions from using their general treasury funds to support or denounce political candidates

Question 9

closed primary

Answer 9

A primary election in which party members, independents, and sometimes members of the other party are allowed to participate.

Question 10

communications director

Answer 10

The person who develops the overall media strategy for the candidate.

Question 11

Contrast ad

Answer 11

Ad that compares the records and proposals of the candidates, with a bias toward the candidate sponsoring the ad.

Question 12

Conventional Political participation

Answer 12

Activism that attempts to influence the political process through commonly accepted forms of persuasion such as voting or letter writing

Question 13

Crossover Voting

Answer 13

Participation in the primary election of a party with which the voter is not affiliated

Question 14

Donald J. Trump

Answer 14

The forty-fifth president, a Republican, elected in 2016; first president elected without prior political or military experience; an experienced businessman

Question 15

Elector

Answer 15

Member of the electoral college

Question 16

Electorate

Answer 16

The citizens eligible to vote

Question 17

Electorate College

Answer 17

Representatives of each state who cast the final ballots that actually elect a president

Question 18

Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA)

Answer 18

Passed in 1971, this is the primary law that regulates political campaign spending and fundraising. The law originally focused on increased disclosure of contributions for federal campaigns.

Question 19

Federal Election Commission (FEC)

Answer 19

An independent regulatory agency founded in 1975 by the United States Congress to regulate the campaign finance legislation in the United States

Question 20

Finance Chair

Answer 20

The individual who coordinates the financial business of the campaign

Question 21

Front-loading

Answer 21

The tendency of states to choose an early date of the nomination calendar

Question 22

General Election

Answer 22

Election in which voters decide which candidates will actually fill elective public offices

Question 23

Get-Out-The-Vote (GOTV)

Answer 23

A push at the end of a political campaign to encourage supporters to go to the polls

Question 24

Help America Vote Act (HAVA)

Answer 24

A federal law passed in 2002 that addresses issues of voting systems and voter access that were identified following the 2002 election administration standards for states and units of local government with responsibility for the administration of federal elections and for other purposes related to the bill

Question 25

Hillary R. Clinton

Answer 25

First female major party candidate for president of the United States, a Democrat, who ran against President Donald J. Trump in 2016. Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013; New York senator from 2001 to 2009; former first lady

Question 26

Incumbency

Answer 26

Already holding office

Question 27

Inoculation Ad

Answer 27

Advertising that attempts to counteract an anticipated attack from the opposition before the attack if launched

Question 28

Mandate

Answer 28

A command, indicated by an electorate’s votes, for the elected officials to carry out a party platform or policy agenda

Question 29

matching funds

Answer 29

A command, indicated by an electorate’s votes, for the elected officials to carry out a party platform of policy agenda

Question 30

McCoutcheon v. FEC

Answer 30

The 2014 Supreme Court ruling that declared Section 441 of the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) unconstitutional. Section 441 imposed limits on any individual’s total political contributions (to federal candidates, parties, or political action committees) in a two-year period

Question 31

Mid-term Election

Answer 31

An election that takes place in the middle of election term

Question 32

Negative Ad

Answer 32

Advertising on behalf of a candidate that stresses the candidate’s qualifications, family, and issue positions, with no direct reference to the opponent

Question 33

Open Primary

Answer 33

A primary election in which party members, independents, and sometimes members of the other party are allowed to participate

Question 34

Political Action Committee

Answer 34

Officially recognized fund-raising organizations that represent interest groups and are allowed by federal law to make contributions directly to candidates’ campaigns

Question 35

Pollster

Answer 35

A campaign consultant who conducts public opinion surveys

Question 36

Positive Ad

Answer 36

Advertising on behalf of a candidate that stresses the candidate’s qualifications, family, and issue positions, with no direct reference to the opponent

Question 37

Presidential Coattails

Answer 37

When successful presidential candidates carry into office congressional candidates of the same party in the early year of their election

Question 38

Press Secretary

Answer 38

The individual charged with interacting daily and communicating with journalists on a daily basis

Question 39

Primary Election

Answer 39

Election in which voters decide which of the candidates within a party will represent the party in the general election

Question 40

Prospective Judgment

Answer 40

A voter’s evaluation of a candidate based on what he or she pledges to do about an issue if elected

Question 41

Public Funds

Answer 41

Donations from general tax revenues to the campaigns of qualifying presidential candidates

Question 42

Reapportionment

Answer 42

The reallocation of the number of seats in the House of Representatives after each decennial census

Question 43

Recall

Answer 43

An election in which voters can remove an incumbent from office prior to the next scheduled election

Question 44

Referendum

Answer 44

An election whereby the state legislature submits proposed legislation or state constitutional amendments to the voters for approval

Question 45

Retrospective Judgment

Answer 45

A voter’s evaluation of a candidate based on past performance on a particular issue

Question 46

Runoff Primary

Answer 46

A second primary election between the two candidates receiving the greatest number of votes in the first primary

Question 47

Super PAC

Answer 47

Political action committees established to make independent expenditures

Question 48

Turnout

Answer 48

The proportion of the voting-age public that casts a ballot

Question 49

Thomas Jefferson

Answer 49

Principle drafter of the Declaration of Independence; second vice president of the United States; third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Co-founder of the Democratic-Republican party

Question 50

Unconventional political participation

Answer 50

Activism that attempts to influence the political process through unusual or extreme measures, such as protests, boycotts, and picketing

Question 51

Voter Canvas

Answer 51

The process by which a campaign reaches individual voters, either by door-to-door solicitation, or by telephone

Question 52

Independent Expenditures

Answer 52

Spending for campaign activity that is not coordinated with a candidate’s campaign

Question 53

Initiative

Answer 53

An election that allows citizens to propose legislation or state constitutional amendments by submitting them to the electorate for popular vote