Ap Euro Unit 9 Flashcards
Ap Euro
Friedrich Nietzsche
German philosopher known for his critiques of traditional morality and his concept of the “Übermensch” or “superman.”
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein: Renowned physicist whose theory of relativity revolutionized modern physics, earning him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.
1984
Dystopian novel by George Orwell depicting a totalitarian society ruled by a tyrannical regime led by “Big Brother.”
Functionalism
Sociological theory emphasizing the functional roles of social institutions in maintaining social order and stability.
John Maynard Keynes
British economist whose ideas on government intervention in the economy laid the foundation for Keynesian economics.
Dawes Plan
Dawes Plan: International agreement in 1924
Locarno Treaties
Series of agreements signed in 1925 aimed at easing tensions in Europe by guaranteeing Germany’s western borders with France and Belgium.
Great Depression
Severe worldwide economic downturn lasting from 1929 to the late 1930s, marked by widespread unemployment, poverty, and financial instability.
Gustav Stresemann
German statesman and Chancellor known for his role in stabilizing the Weimar Republic and negotiating treaties like the Locarno Treaties.
Sigmund Freud
Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis, whose theories revolutionized the understanding of the human mind.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
International agreement signed in 1928 renouncing war as a tool of national policy, though ultimately ineffective in preventing World War II.
Popular Front
Left-wing coalition governments formed in several European countries in the 1930s to counter rising fascism and address economic crises.
NEP (New Economic Policy)
Soviet economic policy introduced by Lenin in 1921, allowing limited capitalism to revive the economy after the Russian Civil War
Five-Year Plans
Series of centralized economic plans implemented by Stalin in the Soviet Union aimed at rapidly industrializing the country.
Collectivization
Policy in the Soviet Union under Stalin to consolidate individual farms into large, state-controlled collective farms.
Enabling Act
Legislation passed in Nazi Germany in 1933, granting Hitler dictatorial powers and effectively establishing a totalitarian regime.
Nuremberg Laws
Antisemitic laws enacted in Nazi Germany in 1935, depriving Jews of civil rights and legal protections.
Mein Kampf
Autobiographical manifesto written by Adolf Hitler, outlining his political ideology and goals for Germany.
Munich Conference
1938 meeting between European powers, resulting in the appeasement of Hitler’s territorial demands in Czechoslovakia.
Grand Alliance
Coalition between the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain during World War II against the Axis powers.
Pearl Harbor
Surprise military strike by Japan on the United States naval base in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, leading to American entry into World War II.
Nagasaki/Hiroshima
Japanese cities targeted by atomic bombs dropped by the United States in August 1945, leading to Japan’s surrender and the end of World War II.
Final Solution
Nazi Germany’s systematic genocide of six million Jews during the Holocaust.
Lateran Agreement
Concordat between Mussolini’s fascist government and the Vatican in 1929, establishing Vatican City as an independent state.
Island Hopping
Allied strategy in the Pacific during World War II, involving capturing key islands while bypassing heavily fortified ones.
Battle of the Bulge
Major German offensive in 1944-1945 during World War II, resulting in heavy casualties on both sides but ultimately ending in Allied victory.
Mussolini
Italian fascist dictator who ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943, allying with Hitler during World War II.
Totalitarianism
Political system characterized by centralized control, repression of dissent, and an all-encompassing state ideology.
Stalin
Soviet leader who ruled the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953, implementing policies of rapid industrialization and collectivization.
Holocaust
Systematic genocide of six million Jews by the Nazi regime during World War II, along with millions of other victims including Romani people, Slavs, and others.
Night of the Broken Glass
Pogrom against Jews throughout Nazi Germany and Austria in November 1938, resulting in widespread violence, destruction of Jewish property, and arrests.
Picasso
Spanish artist known for his contributions to the development of modern art, including co-founding the Cubist movement.
Van Gogh
Dutch post-impressionist painter known for his vivid colors and emotional portrayal of landscapes, still lifes, and self-portraits.
Buying on margin
Practice of purchasing stocks with borrowed money, contributing to the speculation and subsequent crash of the stock market in 1929.
Business cycle
Fluctuations in economic activity characterized by periods of expansion, contraction, and recovery.
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Non-aggression pact signed between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939, dividing Eastern Europe into spheres of influence.
Atlantic Wall
Extensive system of coastal defenses built by Nazi Germany along the coast of Western Europe during World War II.
Maginot Line
Line of French fortifications along the eastern border with Germany during World War II, designed to deter German invasion but ultimately circumvented by the Germans.
Embargo
Official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country, often imposed for political reasons.
Third Reich
Official name for Nazi Germany, referring to the regime under Adolf Hitler’s rule from 1933 to 1945.
Anschluss
Annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in 1938, violating the Treaty of Versailles and furthering Hitler’s expansionist goals.
SS (Schutzstaffel)
Paramilitary organization under Nazi Germany, initially serving as Hitler’s personal bodyguards but later expanding to encompass various security and military functions.
SA (Sturmabteilung)
Paramilitary organization under Nazi Germany, known for its role in the early stages of Hitler’s rise to power as well as for its street violence and intimidation tactics.
Lebensraum
Nazi ideology advocating for territorial expansion to acquire “living space” for the German people, particularly in Eastern Europe.
Economic Consequences of the Peace
Book written by John Maynard Keynes in 1919, critiquing the Treaty of Versailles and predicting its negative economic impact on Germany and Europe.
