Ap Euro Unit 7

Question 1

Louis Pastor

Answer 1

Renowned French chemist and microbiologist credited with pioneering breakthroughs in vaccination, pasteurization, and germ theory.

Question 2

Georges Haussmann

Answer 2

French urban planner famous for his radical redesign of Paris in the mid-19th century, characterized by wide boulevards and modern infrastructure.

Question 3

Sigmund Freud

Answer 3

Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis, whose theories revolutionized the understanding of the human mind and behavior.

Question 4

Social Darwinism

Answer 4

Ideology applying Darwinian principles of natural selection to human societies, often used to justify imperialism and social inequality.

Question 5

Emile Zola

Answer 5

Influential French novelist known for his naturalistic works portraying social issues and human conditions in 19th-century France.

Question 6

Joseph Lister

Answer 6

British surgeon and pioneer of antiseptic surgery, whose methods significantly reduced post-operative infections.

Question 7

Realism

Answer 7

Literary and artistic movement emphasizing depiction of everyday life and social realities with accuracy and detail.

Question 8

Tolstoy

Answer 8

Russian author, Leo Tolstoy, renowned for his epic novels, including “War and Peace” and “Anna Karenina,” which explore themes of morality, society, and existentialism.

Question 9

Garibaldi

Answer 9

Italian military leader and nationalist figure who played a key role in the unification of Italy.

Question 10

Crimean War

Answer 10

Conflict fought primarily between Russia and an alliance of Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia, with significant impact on European diplomacy and warfare.

Question 11

Segei White

Answer 11

Russian statesman and finance minister known for his economic reforms and industrialization efforts during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Question 12

Kulturkampf

Answer 12

German term for the struggle between the state and the Catholic Church in the late 19th century, particularly under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck.

Question 13

Franco-Prussian War

Answer 13

Conflict between France and Prussia leading to the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership and the establishment of the German Empire.

Question 14

Dreyfus Affair

Answer 14

Political scandal in France involving false accusations of treason against a Jewish army officer, highlighting issues of anti-Semitism and miscarriage of justice.

Question 15

Bismarck

Answer 15

Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian statesman known for his role in unifying Germany and his realpolitik policies as Chancellor of the German Empire.

Question 16

Cavour

Answer 16

Count Camillo di Cavour, Italian statesman and leading figure in the movement for Italian unification, serving as Prime Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont.

Question 17

Austro-Prussian War

Answer 17

Conflict between Prussia and Austria resulting in Prussian dominance within the German Confederation and paving the way for German unification.

Question 18

Third Republic

Answer 18

The political regime established in France following the fall of Napoleon III’s Second Empire, enduring from 1870 to 1940.

Question 19

Carlsbad Decrees

Answer 19

Set of repressive laws imposed by the German Confederation in 1819 to suppress liberal and nationalist movements.

Question 20

Communist Manifesto

Answer 20

Landmark socialist political pamphlet by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, outlining the principles of communism and critiquing capitalism.

Question 21

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

Answer 21

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, who became President of France and later Emperor Napoleon III, known for his authoritarian rule and modernization efforts.

Question 22

National Workshops

Answer 22

Initiatives in France during the Revolution of 1848 to provide employment and social assistance to the unemployed.

Question 23

England’s Reform Bill

Answer 23

Legislation passed in 1832 that expanded voting rights in Britain, particularly for the middle class, and initiated parliamentary reform.

Question 24

Louis Philippe

Answer 24

King of France during the July Monarchy period, overthrown during the Revolution of 1848.

Question 25

Charles X

Answer 25

Last Bourbon monarch of France before the July Monarchy, known for his reactionary policies and eventual overthrow during the July Revolution of 1830.

Question 26

Decembrist Revolt

Answer 26

Failed uprising in Russia in 1825 by liberal nobles against the accession of Nicholas I to the throne, highlighting discontent with autocratic rule.

Question 27

George Canning

Answer 27

British statesman and Prime Minister known for his role in British foreign policy and his support for Latin American independence movements.

Question 28

Talleyrand

Answer 28

French diplomat and statesman known for his diplomacy during the French Revolution and Napoleonic era, serving under multiple regimes.

Question 29

Castlereagh

Answer 29

British statesman and Foreign Secretary known for his role in the Congress of Vienna and European diplomacy after the Napoleonic Wars.

Question 30

Legitimists

Answer 30

Political faction in France advocating for the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy after the fall of Napoleon.

Question 31

Orleanists

Answer 31

Political faction in France supporting the Orleans branch of the Bourbon monarchy, led by Louis-Philippe, during the 19th century.

Question 32

Alexander I

Answer 32

Russian Emperor known for his role in defeating Napoleon and his conservatism in the wake of the Napoleonic Wars.

Question 33

Metternich

Answer 33

Austrian statesman and diplomat known for his conservatism and leadership in the Congress of Vienna, advocating for stability and conservatism in Europe.

Question 34

Legitimacy

Answer 34

Political concept referring to the acceptance and recognition of a government or ruler as lawful and rightful

Question 35

Louis Blanc

Answer 35

French socialist politician and theorist known for advocating for social reform and the establishment of workers’ cooperatives.

Question 36

Concert of Europe

Answer 36

Diplomatic arrangement among European powers after the Napoleonic Wars aimed at maintaining balance and stability on the continent

Question 37

Congress of Vienna

Answer 37

Conference of European powers in 1814-1815 aimed at restoring stability and order in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.

Question 38

Polish Saxon Question

Answer 38

Diplomatic issue regarding the status of Poland and Saxony during the 19th century, particularly concerning their sovereignty and borders.

Question 39

Corn Law

Answer 39

British legislation imposing tariffs on imported grain, intended to protect domestic agriculture but criticized for exacerbating food shortages and social unrest.

Question 40

Bloody June Days

Answer 40

Violent suppression of socialist and revolutionary uprisings in Paris in June 1848, following the Revolution of 1848.