Ap Euro Unit 7 Flashcards
Ap Euro
Louis Pastor
Renowned French chemist and microbiologist credited with pioneering breakthroughs in vaccination, pasteurization, and germ theory.
Georges Haussmann
French urban planner famous for his radical redesign of Paris in the mid-19th century, characterized by wide boulevards and modern infrastructure.
Sigmund Freud
Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis, whose theories revolutionized the understanding of the human mind and behavior.
Social Darwinism
Ideology applying Darwinian principles of natural selection to human societies, often used to justify imperialism and social inequality.
Emile Zola
Influential French novelist known for his naturalistic works portraying social issues and human conditions in 19th-century France.
Joseph Lister
British surgeon and pioneer of antiseptic surgery, whose methods significantly reduced post-operative infections.
Realism
Literary and artistic movement emphasizing depiction of everyday life and social realities with accuracy and detail.
Tolstoy
Russian author, Leo Tolstoy, renowned for his epic novels, including “War and Peace” and “Anna Karenina,” which explore themes of morality, society, and existentialism.
Garibaldi
Italian military leader and nationalist figure who played a key role in the unification of Italy.
Crimean War
Conflict fought primarily between Russia and an alliance of Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia, with significant impact on European diplomacy and warfare.
Segei White
Russian statesman and finance minister known for his economic reforms and industrialization efforts during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Kulturkampf
German term for the struggle between the state and the Catholic Church in the late 19th century, particularly under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck.
Franco-Prussian War
Conflict between France and Prussia leading to the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership and the establishment of the German Empire.
Dreyfus Affair
Political scandal in France involving false accusations of treason against a Jewish army officer, highlighting issues of anti-Semitism and miscarriage of justice.
Bismarck
Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian statesman known for his role in unifying Germany and his realpolitik policies as Chancellor of the German Empire.
Cavour
Count Camillo di Cavour, Italian statesman and leading figure in the movement for Italian unification, serving as Prime Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont.
Austro-Prussian War
Conflict between Prussia and Austria resulting in Prussian dominance within the German Confederation and paving the way for German unification.
Third Republic
The political regime established in France following the fall of Napoleon III’s Second Empire, enduring from 1870 to 1940.
Carlsbad Decrees
Set of repressive laws imposed by the German Confederation in 1819 to suppress liberal and nationalist movements.
Communist Manifesto
Landmark socialist political pamphlet by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, outlining the principles of communism and critiquing capitalism.
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, who became President of France and later Emperor Napoleon III, known for his authoritarian rule and modernization efforts.
National Workshops
Initiatives in France during the Revolution of 1848 to provide employment and social assistance to the unemployed.
England’s Reform Bill
Legislation passed in 1832 that expanded voting rights in Britain, particularly for the middle class, and initiated parliamentary reform.
Louis Philippe
King of France during the July Monarchy period, overthrown during the Revolution of 1848.
Charles X
Last Bourbon monarch of France before the July Monarchy, known for his reactionary policies and eventual overthrow during the July Revolution of 1830.
Decembrist Revolt
Failed uprising in Russia in 1825 by liberal nobles against the accession of Nicholas I to the throne, highlighting discontent with autocratic rule.
George Canning
British statesman and Prime Minister known for his role in British foreign policy and his support for Latin American independence movements.
Talleyrand
French diplomat and statesman known for his diplomacy during the French Revolution and Napoleonic era, serving under multiple regimes.
Castlereagh
British statesman and Foreign Secretary known for his role in the Congress of Vienna and European diplomacy after the Napoleonic Wars.
Legitimists
Political faction in France advocating for the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy after the fall of Napoleon.
Orleanists
Political faction in France supporting the Orleans branch of the Bourbon monarchy, led by Louis-Philippe, during the 19th century.
Alexander I
Russian Emperor known for his role in defeating Napoleon and his conservatism in the wake of the Napoleonic Wars.
Metternich
Austrian statesman and diplomat known for his conservatism and leadership in the Congress of Vienna, advocating for stability and conservatism in Europe.
Legitimacy
Political concept referring to the acceptance and recognition of a government or ruler as lawful and rightful
Louis Blanc
French socialist politician and theorist known for advocating for social reform and the establishment of workers’ cooperatives.
Concert of Europe
Diplomatic arrangement among European powers after the Napoleonic Wars aimed at maintaining balance and stability on the continent
Congress of Vienna
Conference of European powers in 1814-1815 aimed at restoring stability and order in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.
Polish Saxon Question
Diplomatic issue regarding the status of Poland and Saxony during the 19th century, particularly concerning their sovereignty and borders.
Corn Law
British legislation imposing tariffs on imported grain, intended to protect domestic agriculture but criticized for exacerbating food shortages and social unrest.
Bloody June Days
Violent suppression of socialist and revolutionary uprisings in Paris in June 1848, following the Revolution of 1848.
