Ap Euro Unit 8 Flashcards
Ap Euro
The Meiji Restoration
a period in Japanese history during the late 19th century when Emperor Meiji’s government initiated rapid modernization and industrializatio
Imperialism
Imperialism refers to the policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonization, military conquest, or economic dominance over other nations or territories.
The Open Door Policy
The Open Door Policy was a proposal by the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries advocating for equal trading rights and access to China’s markets among Western powers.
Modernizers
Modernizers were individuals or groups advocating for reforms and modernization in their respective countries, often to catch up with Western industrialized nations.
The Berlin Conference
The Berlin Conference was a meeting of European powers in 1884-1885 to regulate colonization and trade in Africa, leading to the partitioning of the continent among European powers.
Extraterritoriality
Extraterritoriality refers to the legal principle allowing foreigners to be governed by the laws of their own country while residing in or visiting another country.
Fashoda
Fashoda was a crisis in 1898 between Britain and France over control of Sudan, ultimately resolved peacefully and marked the end of Anglo-French colonial tensions.
The Boxer Rebellion
The Boxer Rebellion was a violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising in China from 1899 to 1901, suppressed by a coalition of foreign powers.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in 1914 sparked the outbreak of World War I.
The Schlieffen Plan
The Schlieffen Plan was a German military strategy developed before World War I aimed at quickly defeating France in the west before turning to face Russia in the east.
Walter Rathenau
Walter Rathenau was a German industrialist and statesman known for his role in managing the German economy during World War I and the Weimar Republic era.
David Lloyd George
David Lloyd George was a British statesman who served as Prime Minister during World War I and played a key role in the Treaty of Versailles negotiations.
Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemenceau was a French statesman who served as Prime Minister during World War I and played a prominent role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles.
Total war
Total war refers to conflicts in which entire societies and economies are mobilized and involved in the war effort, characterized by widespread conscription, rationing, and civilian involvement.
The Petrograd Soviet
The Petrograd Soviet was a workers’ council in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) that emerged during the Russian Revolution of 1905 and played a significant role in the 1917 revolution.
The Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks were a faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in the October Revolution of 1917 and established a communist government in Russia.
Nicholas II
Nicholas II was the last Emperor of Russia, whose rule ended with the Russian Revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union.
Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson was the President of the United States during World War I and a key figure in the establishment of the League of Nations.
The League of Nations
The League of Nations was an international organization founded after World War I with the aim of promoting peace and collective security among nations.
Reparations
Reparations were payments and compensations demanded from Germany by the Allies as part of the Treaty of Versailles to compensate for damages and losses caused by World War I.
Rasputin
Rasputin was a Russian mystic and advisor to the Romanov family, whose influence over Tsar Nicholas II and his wife Alexandra contributed to the downfall of the Russian monarchy.
The Big Four
The Big Four refers to the leaders of the Allied powers during World War I: Woodrow Wilson (USA), Georges Clemenceau (France), David Lloyd George (UK), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy).
Army Order No. 1
Army Order No. 1 was a decree issued by the Petrograd Soviet in 1917, transferring authority over the Russian military from the officers to elected soldiers’ committees.
Lenin
Lenin was the leader of the Bolshevik Party and the first leader of the Soviet Union, instrumental in the Russian Revolution of 1917.
Trotsky
Trotsky was a leading figure in the Bolshevik Revolution and the early Soviet government, serving as People’s Commissar for Foreign Affairs and War.
The Fourteen Points
The Fourteen Points were principles outlined by Woodrow Wilson as a basis for peace negotiations after World War I, emphasizing self-determination, disarmament, and international cooperation.
The Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was the peace treaty that officially ended World War I, imposing harsh conditions on Germany and laying the groundwork for future conflicts.
The provisional government
The provisional government was the temporary government established in Russia after the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II in 1917 and preceding the Bolshevik seizure of power.
The Triple Alliance
The Triple Alliance was a pre-World War I military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
The Triple Entente
The Triple Entente was a pre-World War I military alliance between France, Russia, and the United Kingdom.
U-boats
U-boats were German submarines used extensively during World War I for naval warfare, particularly in unrestricted submarine warfare campaigns.
The Lusitania
The Lusitania was a British passenger liner sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, contributing to the United States’ entry into World War I.
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was the peace treaty between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers, which ended Russia’s involvement in World War I but ceded significant territories to Germany.
Protectorates
Protectorates were territories or states that were under the protection and control of a stronger nation, often maintaining local autonomy but subject to the protector’s foreign policy.
Sphere of influence
Sphere of influence refers to a region or area in which one country has significant economic, political, or cultural influence over others without formal control.
The war guilt clause (Clause 231)
The war guilt clause (Clause 231) of the Treaty of Versailles placed sole responsibility for World War I on Germany, leading to resentment and contributing to the rise of Nazism.
War Communism
War Communism was the economic and political system implemented by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War, characterized by centralized control, nationalization of industry, and requisitioning of resources.
