AP Chapter 15 – Respiratory System Flashcards
What is ventilation?
the entrance and exit of air into and out of the lungs
What happens during external respiration?
- External respiration
- Exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) between air and the blood
- Transport of gases to and from the lungs and the tissues
What happens during internal respiration?
Exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) between blood and tissue fluid
What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration is the production of ATP from glucose and oxygen
List five basic functions of the respiratory tract.
- warming incoming air before it reaches the lungs by the nose
- moistening incoming air by the nose
- filtering out dust and water particles by the nose
- conducting air with higher O2 to lungs
- conducting air with higher CO2 back out
Trace the path of an inhaled air molecule using the following terms:
Nasal cavity, Trachea, bronchi, glottis, larynx, bronchioles, pharynx, alveoli
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Glottis
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Where is the nasal cavity located?
First part of upper respiratory tract
Nasal cavities, pharynx, and larynx
Contains two nasal cavities
What are the functions of the nasal cavity?
Warms and moisten air during inhalation
Contains odor receptors
Tear glands drain into nasal cavity
Communicate with sinuses
Separated from mouth by palate
Where is the pharynx located?
Connects nasal and oral cavities to both the larynx and esophagus
What are the functions of the pharynx?
Allows both food and air passage
Where is the epiglottis located?
covering the glottis which is the opening to the trachea
What are the functions of the epiglottis?
When food is swallowed, the larynx moves upward against the epiglottis
Prevents food from entering the respiratory tract
Where is the glottis located?
the opening to the trachea
between the pharynx and trachea
What are the functions of the glottis?
When air is expelled past the vocal cords through the glottis, the vocal cords vibrate, producing sound
Where is the larynx located?
Is a cartilaginous structure that serves as a passageway for air between the pharynx and the trachea.
Contains a triangular box whose apex, the Adam’s apple, is at the front of the neck.
What are the functions of the larynx?
Is a cartilaginous structure that serves as a passageway for air between the pharynx and the trachea
Where are the vocal cords located?
The Larynx is called the voice box because it houses the vocal cords
What are the functions of the vocal cords?
The vocal cords are mucosal folds supported by elastic ligament, and the slit between the vocal cords is an opening called the glottis.
When air is expelled past the vocal cords through the glottis, the vocal cords vibrate, producing sound.
Where is the Adam’s apple located?
the larynx
What is the function of the Adam’s apple?
Contains a triangular box whose apex, the Adam’s apple, is at the front of the neck.
Its function is to protect the delicate voice box from injuries
It is a secondary sexual characteristic primarily in males
Where is the trachea located?
Connects larynx with primary bronchi
Also called the windpipe
What are the functions of the trachea?
Connects larynx with primary bronchi
Also called the windpipe
Held open by C-shaped cartilage rings
Cilia sweep mucus toward the pharynx
Smoking can destroy cilia – giving you the urge to cough
Where are the bronchi located?
Connects the trachea to the bronchioles in the left and right lungs
What are the functions of bronchi?
Right and left primary bronchi
Connects the trachea to the bronchioles in the left and right lungs
Branch to secondary bronchi
Eventually lead to bronchioles
Where are the bronchioles located?
As airways become smaller, walls become thinner
Lack cartilage rings
Each bronchiole leads into alveoli
What are the functions of bronchioles?
connect the bronchi to the alveoli
Where are the lungs located?
in the thoracic cavity
Diaphragm separates it from abdominal cavity
Right lung has 3 lobes
Left lung has 2 lobes
Allows room for heart
Each lobe is divided into lobules
Lobule has a bronchiole serving many alveoli
What are the functions of lungs?
contains the bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
gas exchange
Where are the alveoli located?
at the ends of the bronchioles in the lungs
What are the functions of alveoli?
gas exchange
Small air sacs
Surrounded by blood capillaries
Lined with simple squamous epithelium
Oxygen first crosses this tissue to reach the blood
Gas exchange occurs at the moist membranes
Oxygen diffuses into blood
Carbon dioxide diffuses into alveoli
Alveoli must stay open to receive air
Surfactant helps prevent the alveoli from closing or collapsing
Infant respiratory distress syndrome – premature infants lack surfactant
Where is the diaphragm?
Diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
What are the functions of diaphragm?
Diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
Which structures has the least amount of cartilage and the thinnest walls?
alveoli
What has c-shaped cartilage?
trachea
What is the location of the O2 and CO2 gas exchange?
Gas exchange occurs at the moist membranes
Oxygen diffuses into blood
Carbon dioxide diffuses into alveoli
Where is pleura located?
Serous membranes called pleura cover lung and internal chest wall and diaphragm
What are the functions of pleura?
Produce lubricating serous fluid to enable the lungs to slide past the internal chest wall and diaphragm
Where is surfactant located?
Alveoli must stay open to receive air
Surfactant helps prevent the alveoli from closing or collapsing
Infant respiratory distress syndrome – premature infants lack surfactant
What are the functions of surfactant?
Alveoli must stay open to receive air
Surfactant helps prevent the alveoli from closing or collapsing
Infant respiratory distress syndrome – premature infants lack surfactant
What is the cell type that lines the alveoli?
Lined with simple squamous epithelium
Oxygen first crosses this tissue to reach the blood
What is total lung capacity?
Total lung capacity consists of:
Tidal volume,
Vital capacity,
Inspiratory reserve volume,
Expiratory reserve volume,
Residual volume
Describe tidal volume
Amount of air moving in and out with each breath
Only about 500 ml
Describe vital capacity
Maximum volume moved in and moved out in a breath
Illness can affect vital capacity
Describe inspiratory reserve volume
Forced inhalation of air brought in above tidal volume
Describe expiratory reserve volume
Forced exhalation of air exhaled beyond tidal volume
Describe residual volume
Amount of air always remaining in lungs
It is the last gasp after a person passes away
Describe how the lungs are caused to inflate
Inspiration
Active phase
Diaphragm contracts
Becomes flattened
Internal intercostals contract
Raises rib cage up and out
Increases volume of thoracic cavity
Lowers air pressure inside alveoli
Air rushes in due to negative pressure
Describe how the lungs are caused to relax
Expiration:
Passive phase
Diaphragm and internal intercostals relax
Recoil returns them to original shape
Decreases volume of thoracic cavity
Raises air pressure inside alveoli
Air rushes out
If the lung is punctured –
When the chest volume expands, air can now rush in through the puncture without filling the alveoli.
Describe the role of the respiratory center
Control of Ventilation by Respiratory Center in Medulla Oblongata of Brain
Inspiration
Respiratory center sends out nerve impulses to the diaphragm and external intercostals causing contraction
Expiration
Respiratory center ceases to send out nerve impulses to the diaphragm and external intercostals and relaxation occurs
Respiratory center influenced by chemical and neural (nerves) input
In what form is CO2 primarily transported in the plasma?
Most CO2 is carried as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
Oxygen is transported in the plasma by what?
combining with hemoglobin.
it then becomes oxyhemoglobin
Compare inspired air and expired air.
Inspired air contains more O2 than expired air.
Expired air contains more CO2 than inspired air.
What is the vessel containing the richest O2 blood called?
The pulmonary veins have blood rich in O2
The pulmonary arteries have blood rich in CO2
Gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood occurs by which process?
diffusion
What is being exchanged and where during respiration?
Internal Respiration:
Exchange of gas between systemic capillaries and tissues
External respiration:
Exchange of gas between air in alveoli (in the lungs) and blood
takes place via diffusion
Make a simple sketch of the path of CO2 as it leaves the body and label it.
pulmonary artery –> alveolus –> bronchiole –> bronchus –> trachea –> larynx –> pharynx
What are the symptoms and causes of laryngitis?
Laryngitis—inflammation of the larynx that causes hoarseness or loss of voice
What are the symptoms and causes of tonsillitis?
Tonsillitis—inflammation of the uvula often cured by removal of the tissue
What are the symptoms and causes of otitis media?
Otitis Media—Inflammation of the middle ear
Nasal bacterial infections spread to the ear by way of the auditory (eustachian) tubes
What are the symptoms and causes of sinusitis?
Sinusitis—pain and tenderness in lower forehead and over the cheeks.
pressure behind the eyes, runny nose, headache.
may be preceded by a cold.
What are the symptoms and causes of pharyngitis?
Pharyngitis—infection of the throat in the pharynx
It is an upper respiratory tract disease.
What is affected by pharyngitis?
pharynx - in the upper respiratory tract
What are the symptoms and causes of chronic bronchitis?
chronic bronchitis—ongoing inflammation and possible infection of bronchi with loss of cilia
What are the symptoms and causes of pulmonary fibrosis?
pulmonary fibrosis—loss of lung elasticity due to breathing silica, coal dust, asbestos, etc.
Caused by exposure to particles inhaled primarily in the workplace (silica, coal dust, etc.)
What are the symptoms and causes of emphysema?
A chronic and incurable disease
Damage to the walls of the alveoli
Reduces surface area for gas exchange
COPD usually associated with smoking
What are the symptoms and causes of pulmonary tuberculosis?
pulmonary tuberculosis—a bacterial infection that the body tries to isolate and seal off
A lung disease caused by bacteria which become encapsulated
What are the symptoms and causes of Pneumoncystis carinii?
Pneumocystis carinii—pneumonia caused by a protozoan in absence of a healthy immune system
What are the symptoms and causes of pneumonia?
Infection in which bronchi or alveoli fill with thick fluid
High fever, chest pain, and headache
Caused by bacteria (ex: Pneumoncystis carinii), viruses, and other infectious agents
Pneumocystis carinii—pneumonia caused by a protozoan in absence of a healthy immune system
What are the symptoms and causes of asthma?
A disease of the bronchi and bronchioles
Can be caused by an allergen
Allergen - something that can cause an allergic reaction
Marked by wheezing, breathlessness
Sometimes coughing and expectoration of mucus
Airways are usually sensitive to specific irritants
Smooth muscle in bronchioles spasms
Incurable but can be treated with medicines
What are the symptoms and causes of cystic fibrosis?
Genetic in origin
A recessive genetic condition
Mucus in the lungs becomes very thick and sticky
What are the symptoms and causes of choking?
Obstruction of the trachea
Heimlich maneuver may expel blockage
A tracheostomy is the insertion of a breathing tube into the trachea by trained medical personnel
Describe a tracheotomy
an operation in which an incision is made in the trachea.
A tracheostomy is the insertion of a breathing tube into the trachea by trained medical personnel
To open the airway.
Describe a tonsillectomy
Tonsillitis
Tonsils (lymphoid tissue) become inflamed and enlarged
Inflammation of the uvula
Often cured by removal of the tonsils surgically in a tonsillectomy
