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AP Chapter 15 – Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is ventilation?

A

the entrance and exit of air into and out of the lungs

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2
Q

What happens during external respiration?

A
  • External respiration
  • Exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) between air and the blood
  • Transport of gases to and from the lungs and the tissues
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3
Q

What happens during internal respiration?

A

Exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) between blood and tissue fluid

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4
Q

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

A

Cellular respiration is the production of ATP from glucose and oxygen

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5
Q

List five basic functions of the respiratory tract.

A
  1. warming incoming air before it reaches the lungs by the nose
  2. moistening incoming air by the nose
  3. filtering out dust and water particles by the nose
  4. conducting air with higher O2 to lungs
  5. conducting air with higher CO2 back out
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6
Q

Trace the path of an inhaled air molecule using the following terms:

Nasal cavity, Trachea, bronchi, glottis, larynx, bronchioles, pharynx, alveoli

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Glottis
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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7
Q

Where is the nasal cavity located?

A

First part of upper respiratory tract

Nasal cavities, pharynx, and larynx

Contains two nasal cavities

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8
Q

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

A

Warms and moisten air during inhalation

Contains odor receptors

Tear glands drain into nasal cavity

Communicate with sinuses

Separated from mouth by palate

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9
Q

Where is the pharynx located?

A

Connects nasal and oral cavities to both the larynx and esophagus

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10
Q

What are the functions of the pharynx?

A

Allows both food and air passage

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11
Q

Where is the epiglottis located?

A

covering the glottis which is the opening to the trachea

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12
Q

What are the functions of the epiglottis?

A

When food is swallowed, the larynx moves upward against the epiglottis

Prevents food from entering the respiratory tract

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13
Q

Where is the glottis located?

A

the opening to the trachea

between the pharynx and trachea

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14
Q

What are the functions of the glottis?

A

When air is expelled past the vocal cords through the glottis, the vocal cords vibrate, producing sound

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15
Q

Where is the larynx located?

A

Is a cartilaginous structure that serves as a passageway for air between the pharynx and the trachea.

Contains a triangular box whose apex, the Adam’s apple, is at the front of the neck.

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16
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A

Is a cartilaginous structure that serves as a passageway for air between the pharynx and the trachea

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17
Q

Where are the vocal cords located?

A

The Larynx is called the voice box because it houses the vocal cords

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18
Q

What are the functions of the vocal cords?

A

The vocal cords are mucosal folds supported by elastic ligament, and the slit between the vocal cords is an opening called the glottis.

When air is expelled past the vocal cords through the glottis, the vocal cords vibrate, producing sound.

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19
Q

Where is the Adam’s apple located?

A

the larynx

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20
Q

What is the function of the Adam’s apple?

A

Contains a triangular box whose apex, the Adam’s apple, is at the front of the neck.

Its function is to protect the delicate voice box from injuries

It is a secondary sexual characteristic primarily in males

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21
Q

Where is the trachea located?

A

Connects larynx with primary bronchi

Also called the windpipe

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22
Q

What are the functions of the trachea?

A

Connects larynx with primary bronchi

Also called the windpipe

Held open by C-shaped cartilage rings

Cilia sweep mucus toward the pharynx

Smoking can destroy cilia – giving you the urge to cough

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23
Q

Where are the bronchi located?

A

Connects the trachea to the bronchioles in the left and right lungs

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24
Q

What are the functions of bronchi?

A

Right and left primary bronchi

Connects the trachea to the bronchioles in the left and right lungs

Branch to secondary bronchi

Eventually lead to bronchioles

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25
Where are the bronchioles located?
As airways become smaller, walls become thinner Lack cartilage rings Each bronchiole leads into alveoli
26
What are the functions of bronchioles?
connect the bronchi to the alveoli
27
Where are the lungs located?
in the thoracic cavity Diaphragm separates it from abdominal cavity Right lung has 3 lobes Left lung has 2 lobes Allows room for heart Each lobe is divided into lobules Lobule has a bronchiole serving many alveoli
28
What are the functions of lungs?
contains the bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli gas exchange
29
Where are the alveoli located?
at the ends of the bronchioles in the lungs
30
What are the functions of alveoli?
gas exchange Small air sacs Surrounded by blood capillaries Lined with simple squamous epithelium Oxygen first crosses this tissue to reach the blood Gas exchange occurs at the moist membranes Oxygen diffuses into blood Carbon dioxide diffuses into alveoli Alveoli must stay open to receive air Surfactant helps prevent the alveoli from closing or collapsing Infant respiratory distress syndrome – premature infants lack surfactant
31
Where is the diaphragm?
Diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
32
What are the functions of diaphragm?
Diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
33
Which structures has the least amount of cartilage and the thinnest walls?
alveoli
34
What has c-shaped cartilage?
trachea
35
What is the location of the O2 and CO2 gas exchange?
Gas exchange occurs at the moist membranes Oxygen diffuses into blood Carbon dioxide diffuses into alveoli
36
Where is pleura located?
Serous membranes called pleura cover lung and internal chest wall and diaphragm
37
What are the functions of pleura?
Produce lubricating serous fluid to enable the lungs to slide past the internal chest wall and diaphragm
38
Where is surfactant located?
Alveoli must stay open to receive air Surfactant helps prevent the alveoli from closing or collapsing Infant respiratory distress syndrome – premature infants lack surfactant
39
What are the functions of surfactant?
Alveoli must stay open to receive air Surfactant helps prevent the alveoli from closing or collapsing Infant respiratory distress syndrome – premature infants lack surfactant
40
What is the cell type that lines the alveoli?
Lined with simple squamous epithelium Oxygen first crosses this tissue to reach the blood
41
What is total lung capacity?
Total lung capacity consists of: Tidal volume, Vital capacity, Inspiratory reserve volume, Expiratory reserve volume, Residual volume
42
Describe tidal volume
Amount of air moving in and out with each breath Only about 500 ml
43
Describe vital capacity
Maximum volume moved in and moved out in a breath Illness can affect vital capacity
44
Describe inspiratory reserve volume
Forced inhalation of air brought in above tidal volume
45
Describe expiratory reserve volume
Forced exhalation of air exhaled beyond tidal volume
46
Describe residual volume
Amount of air always remaining in lungs It is the last gasp after a person passes away
47
Describe how the lungs are caused to inflate
Inspiration Active phase Diaphragm contracts Becomes flattened Internal intercostals contract Raises rib cage up and out Increases volume of thoracic cavity Lowers air pressure inside alveoli Air rushes in due to negative pressure
48
Describe how the lungs are caused to relax
Expiration: Passive phase Diaphragm and internal intercostals relax Recoil returns them to original shape Decreases volume of thoracic cavity Raises air pressure inside alveoli Air rushes out If the lung is punctured – When the chest volume expands, air can now rush in through the puncture without filling the alveoli.
49
Describe the role of the respiratory center
Control of Ventilation by Respiratory Center in Medulla Oblongata of Brain Inspiration Respiratory center sends out nerve impulses to the diaphragm and external intercostals causing contraction Expiration Respiratory center ceases to send out nerve impulses to the diaphragm and external intercostals and relaxation occurs Respiratory center influenced by chemical and neural (nerves) input
50
In what form is CO2 primarily transported in the plasma?
Most CO2 is carried as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
51
Oxygen is transported in the plasma by what?
combining with hemoglobin. it then becomes oxyhemoglobin
52
Compare inspired air and expired air.
Inspired air contains more O2 than expired air. Expired air contains more CO2 than inspired air.
53
What is the vessel containing the richest O2 blood called?
The pulmonary veins have blood rich in O2 The pulmonary arteries have blood rich in CO2
54
Gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood occurs by which process?
diffusion
55
What is being exchanged and where during respiration?
Internal Respiration: Exchange of gas between systemic capillaries and tissues External respiration: Exchange of gas between air in alveoli (in the lungs) and blood takes place via diffusion
56
Make a simple sketch of the path of CO2 as it leaves the body and label it.
pulmonary artery --> alveolus --> bronchiole --> bronchus --> trachea --> larynx --> pharynx
57
What are the symptoms and causes of laryngitis?
Laryngitis—inflammation of the larynx that causes hoarseness or loss of voice
58
What are the symptoms and causes of tonsillitis?
Tonsillitis—inflammation of the uvula often cured by removal of the tissue
59
What are the symptoms and causes of otitis media?
Otitis Media—Inflammation of the middle ear Nasal bacterial infections spread to the ear by way of the auditory (eustachian) tubes
60
What are the symptoms and causes of sinusitis?
Sinusitis—pain and tenderness in lower forehead and over the cheeks. pressure behind the eyes, runny nose, headache. may be preceded by a cold.
61
What are the symptoms and causes of pharyngitis?
Pharyngitis—infection of the throat in the pharynx It is an upper respiratory tract disease.
62
What is affected by pharyngitis?
pharynx - in the upper respiratory tract
63
What are the symptoms and causes of chronic bronchitis?
chronic bronchitis—ongoing inflammation and possible infection of bronchi with loss of cilia
64
What are the symptoms and causes of pulmonary fibrosis?
pulmonary fibrosis—loss of lung elasticity due to breathing silica, coal dust, asbestos, etc. Caused by exposure to particles inhaled primarily in the workplace (silica, coal dust, etc.)
65
What are the symptoms and causes of emphysema?
A chronic and incurable disease Damage to the walls of the alveoli Reduces surface area for gas exchange COPD usually associated with smoking
66
What are the symptoms and causes of pulmonary tuberculosis?
pulmonary tuberculosis—a bacterial infection that the body tries to isolate and seal off A lung disease caused by bacteria which become encapsulated
67
What are the symptoms and causes of Pneumoncystis carinii?
Pneumocystis carinii—pneumonia caused by a protozoan in absence of a healthy immune system
68
What are the symptoms and causes of pneumonia?
Infection in which bronchi or alveoli fill with thick fluid High fever, chest pain, and headache Caused by bacteria (ex: Pneumoncystis carinii), viruses, and other infectious agents Pneumocystis carinii—pneumonia caused by a protozoan in absence of a healthy immune system
69
What are the symptoms and causes of asthma?
A disease of the bronchi and bronchioles Can be caused by an allergen Allergen - something that can cause an allergic reaction Marked by wheezing, breathlessness Sometimes coughing and expectoration of mucus Airways are usually sensitive to specific irritants Smooth muscle in bronchioles spasms Incurable but can be treated with medicines
70
What are the symptoms and causes of cystic fibrosis?
Genetic in origin A recessive genetic condition Mucus in the lungs becomes very thick and sticky
71
What are the symptoms and causes of choking?
Obstruction of the trachea Heimlich maneuver may expel blockage A tracheostomy is the insertion of a breathing tube into the trachea by trained medical personnel
72
Describe a tracheotomy
an operation in which an incision is made in the trachea. A tracheostomy is the insertion of a breathing tube into the trachea by trained medical personnel To open the airway.
73
Describe a tonsillectomy
Tonsillitis Tonsils (lymphoid tissue) become inflamed and enlarged Inflammation of the uvula Often cured by removal of the tonsils surgically in a tonsillectomy

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