AP Chapter 14 – Digestive System and Nutrition Flashcards
What are the three functions of the digestive system?
(hint)
____ breakdown of food
____ breakdown of food
____ of waste products
____ of food molecules
chemical breakdown of food
mechanical breakdown of food
elimination of waste products
absorption of food molecules
What is mechanical digestion?
____ of the food
____ and ____ of the food in the ____
chewing of the food
churning and mixing of the food in the stomach
What is chemical digestion?
____ breaking down ____
enzymes breaking down proteins
What are three functions of the tongue?
the tongue functions to mix ____ with ____ and assist in ____
a person’s tongue is used for articulating ____
the tongue consists of ____ muscle under ____ control
the tongue is ____ to the floor of the ____
the tongue functions to mix food with saliva and assist in swallowing
a person’s tongue is used for articulating sounds
the tongue consists of skeletal muscle under voluntary control
the tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth
List the layers of a tooth from the outside to the inside
3 layers, starts with e -> d -> p
enamel -> dentin -> pulp
Where does starch begin its digestion?
common sense
The mouth
What is the function of the epiglottis?
food is ____ from entering the ____
food is prevented from entering the trachea
Which organ does not actively participate in digestion?
starts with an e
esophogus
What are some symptoms of heartburn?
____ in upper ____ or ____
some of the ____ contents escape back into the lower ____
burning in upper chest or throat
some of the stomach contents escape back into the lower esophagus
What are some causes of heartburn?
some of the ____ contents escape back into the lower ____
some of the stomach contents escape back into the lower esophagus
What are the functions of sphincter muscles?
muscles that encircle ____ and act as ____
muscles that encircle tubes and act as valves
What are the layers of the esophagus?
m -> subm -> ____ muscle -> s
mucosa -> sunmucosa -> smooth muscle -> serosa
What is the function of each layer of the intestinal wall?
____ - first absorbs nutrients from the ____
____ - produces ____ to move materials inside the ____
____ - for ____, movement of ____
____ - makes ____ fluid to ____ friction
Mucosa - first absorbs nutrients from the lumen
Submucosa - produces mucous to move materials inside the instine
Muscularis - for paristalsis, movement of materail
seosa - makes serous fluid to reduce friction
What are the functions of the stomach?
storage of ____
mixing of ____ with ____ fluids
allow ____ digestion of food
storage of food
mixing of food with digestive fluids
allow chemical digestion of food
What digestive juices are produced in the stomach?
(2)
P____
H____ A___
pepsin
hydrochloric acid
What are the functions of the small intestine?
a ____ duct that introduces basic fluids to ____ the stomach acid
a duct from the ____ that introduces bile
____ for absorption
arrival of ____ acidic stomach contents
a pancreatic duct that introduces basic fluids to neutralize the stomach acid
a duct from the liver that introduces bile
villi for absorption
arrival of highly acidic stomach contents
Where are villi and microvilli located?
fingerlike projections along the surface of the ____ intestine
fingerlike projections along the surface of the small intestine
Where is the location of the duodenum?
first ____ cm of ____ intestine
first 25 cm of small intestine
What is located at the duodenum?
location of the ____ bile ducts
neutralize the ____ from the stomach
location of the pancreatic bile ducts
neutralize the chyme from the stomach
What is the function of secretin?
it functions to release of bile from the ____ and the release of ____ juices
it functions to release of bile from the gallbladder and the release of pancreatic juices
What is the function of sodium bicarbonate?
neutralization of ____ arriving at the ____ intestine
neutralization of chyme arriving at the small intestine
What conditions are necessary to digest protein?
p____, H____, w____, p____
protein, HCI, water, pepsin
What conditions are necessary to digest fats?
f____, b____ s____, s____ b____, w____, l____
fat, bile salts, sodium bicarbonate, water, lipaes
What does pepsin digest?
p____
proteins
What does trypsin digest?
p____
proteins
What does salivary amylase digest?
s____ a____-s____
salivary amylase-starch
What does lipase digest?
l____-f____
lipase-fat
What does maltase digest?
m____-m____
maltase-maltose
Where does protein digestion take place?
s____ and ____ intestine
stomach and small intestine
What is the USDA dietary recommendations (food pyramid/my plate)?
____ should come from poultry ____ and ____ sources
whole grain products are a good source of ____ carbohydrates and fiber
white bread and other refined carbohydrates should be eaten ____,
salt intake should be ____
protein should come from poultry fish and plant sources
whole grain products are a good source of complex carbohydrates and fiber
white bread and other refined carbohydrates should be eaten rarely, if at all
salt intake should be low
What are the functions of dietary fiber in your diet?
____ of bile salts
____ of bulk to the digestive tract
a ____ risk of constipation
a possible ____ risk of polyp formation
dilution of bile salts
addition of bulk to the digestive tract
a decrease risk of constipation
a possible decreased risk of polyp formation
What are considered the “good fats”?
HDL c____
____ fatty acids
HDL cholesterol
unsaturated fatty acids
What are the functions and sources of vitamin A?
a vital source of Vitamin A is deep ____ ____
a vital source of Vitamin A is deep yellow/orange vegetables
What are the functions and sources of vitamin B?
many B vitamins can be obtained from ____ ____ ____ or ____ grains
many B vitamins can be obtained from green leafy vegetables or whole grains
What are the functions and sources of vitamin D?
vitamin d is necessary for proper ____ absorption
vitamin d is necessary for proper calcium absorption
What are the functions and sources of vitamin C?
a deficiency in Vitamin C can cause ____ healing of wounds
a deficiency in Vitamin C can cause delayed healing of wounds
What are the functions and sources of antioxidants?
chemical found in ____ and ____, that defend against free r____
chemical found in fruits and vegetables, that defend against free radicals
What minerals are required by the body?
simple
iron
What are the characteristics of obesity?
s____ activities
f____ eating habits
excessive intake of ____ foods
body content above ____ ideal body weight
sedentary activities
family eating habits
excessive intake of fatty foods
body content above 20% ideal body weight
What is Helicobacter pylori?
most ____ are due to stomach ____ with this ____
most ulcers are due to stomach infection with this bacterium
What are the symptoms and causes of diarrhea?
____ intestine becomes irritated and ____ increases
large intestine becomes irritated and peristaisis increases
What are the symptoms and causes of ulcers?
h____ p____
experiments that showed that h____ p____ i____ was the cause of many ulcers
heliobacter pyoli
experiments that showed that helicobater pylori infection was the cause of many ulcers
What are the symptoms and causes of constipation?
constipation - too ____ movement of feces permitting ____ and ____ feces
constipation - too slow movement of feces permitting hard and dry feces
What are the symptoms and causes of polyps?
polyps - ____ growths on the e____ lining that can become c____
polyps - small growths on the epithelial lining that can become cancerous
What are the symptoms and causes of hepatitis?
hepatitis - inflammation of the ____
hepatitis - inflammation of the liver
