Ap Bio Short Answer Questions Flashcards
There are many methods organisms use to regulate body temperature. Choose 3 and describe how they work to either heat or cool the organism
Homeostasis, vasodilation, and vasoconstriction
Describe Darwin’s two theories regarding evolution
Natural selection and common descent
What is the rain shadow effect? You do not need specific numbers, but you should include a relative amount if rain that falls in cities separated by this phenomenon.
Air rises and causes rain, air descends and absorbs water
Sustainable yield in fishing
The ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of resources itself. The surplus required to maintain an ecosystem at the same or increasing levels over time, and this yield usually varies over time with the needs of the ecosystem. Sustainable yield in fishing is a balancing act that prevents overfishing and it makes sure that the fish do not get all used up. It is important not to overfishing and to extract what is needed without taking too much of a toll on the fish population. Sustainable yield in the world of fishing today is important. cease it is a responsible way to fish that doesn’t negatively impact future food stocks or the environment. This environmentally friendly way of getting fish will ensure that future generations of both chefs and consumers will have enough fish.
Humoral and cell-mediated immunity
Differ in their defensive activities because the humoral involves production of antibodies that help destroy toxins and pathogens in the body and lymph. Cell-mediated involves specialized T cells that identify and destroy infected host cells. Cell-mediated immunity recognizes changes in cell membrane markers, targets a virus and bacteria infected cells and cancer cells. Link between the two is that helper T cells are used in both to trigger responses.
T and B cells
Need both because they work together. Examples a B cell presents antigens to an already activated helper at cell, which then activates the B cell. When first binding an antigens a B cell takes in a few foreign molecules by receptor mediated endocytosis and presents antigen fragments in its class II MHC molecules to an activated helper T which had been activated by binding with a macrophage or dendritic cell with the same antigen, and as a result of the helper T cells help the activated B cell expands into plasma cells which make and secrete antibodies
Protein structure
The four levels of protein structure are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Primary is a linear chain if amino acids, secondary is regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms if the polypeptide backbone. Tertiary is a 3D shape stabilized by interactions between side chains. Quaternary is an association of multiple polypeptides forming a functional protein.
