AP Bio Chapters 22, 23, 24, and 25 Flashcards
A statement about natural selection
Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring, and thus contribute more to the gene pool, than poorly adapted individuals
In evolutionary terms, the more closely related two different organisms are, the…
the more recently they shared a common ancestor
During drought years on the Galapagos, small, easily eaten seeds become rare leaving only large, hard-cased seeds that only birds with large beaks can eat. If a drought persists for several years, then what should one expect to result from natural selection?
More small-beaked birds dying than the larger-beaked birds. The offspring produced in subsequent generations have a higher percentage of birds with large beaks.
An example of an anatomical structure which is homologous to the wing of a bat is…
The arm of a human
This is a piece if evidence that strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth
All organisms use essentially the same genetic code
Members of two different species possess a similar-looking structure that they use in a similar fashion to perform the same function. Which information would shed the MOST light on whether these structures are homologous or whether they are, instead, the result of convergent evolution?
The two species share many proteins in common, and the nucleotide sequences that code for these proteins are almost identical.
The definition of evolution that would have been most foreign to Charles Darwin during his lifetime
Change in gene frequency in gene pools
Criteria for maintaining Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium involving 2 alleles
There should be no natural selection
Mating must be random
Populations must be large
Gene flow from other populations must be 0
In a Hardy-Weinberg population with 2 alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele is 0.7. What is the percentage of the population that is homozygous for this allele?
49
In a Hardy-Weinberg population with 2 alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.2. What is the frequency of individuals with Aa genotype?
0.32
In a population with 2 alleles, A and a, the frequency of a is 0.50. What would be the frequency of heterozygous if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
0.50
In peas, a gene controls flower color such that R=purple and r=white. In an isolated pea patch, there are 36 purple flowers and 64 white flowers. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the value of q for this population?
0.80
Which factor is the MOST important in producing the variability that occurs in each generation of humans?
Sexual recombination
A chromosomal mutation that can increase the mass of DNA present in an organism’s genome, creating superfluous DNA that may undergo further changes producing entirely new genes
Duplication
In a large, sexually reproducing population, the frequency of an allele changes from 0.6 to 0.2. From this change, one can most logically assume that, in this environment…
The allele reduces fitness
If the frequency of a particular allele that is present in a small, isolated population of alpine plants should change due to a landslide that leaves an even smaller remnant of surviving plants, then what has occurred?
A bottleneck and genetic drift
Through time, the movement of people on Earth had steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing what?
Gene flow
