AP Bio Chapters 22, 23, 24, and 25

Question 0

A statement about natural selection

Answer 0

Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring, and thus contribute more to the gene pool, than poorly adapted individuals

Question 1

In evolutionary terms, the more closely related two different organisms are, the…

Answer 1

the more recently they shared a common ancestor

Question 2

During drought years on the Galapagos, small, easily eaten seeds become rare leaving only large, hard-cased seeds that only birds with large beaks can eat. If a drought persists for several years, then what should one expect to result from natural selection?

Answer 2

More small-beaked birds dying than the larger-beaked birds. The offspring produced in subsequent generations have a higher percentage of birds with large beaks.

Question 3

An example of an anatomical structure which is homologous to the wing of a bat is…

Answer 3

The arm of a human

Question 4

This is a piece if evidence that strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth

Answer 4

All organisms use essentially the same genetic code

Question 5

Members of two different species possess a similar-looking structure that they use in a similar fashion to perform the same function. Which information would shed the MOST light on whether these structures are homologous or whether they are, instead, the result of convergent evolution?

Answer 5

The two species share many proteins in common, and the nucleotide sequences that code for these proteins are almost identical.

Question 6

The definition of evolution that would have been most foreign to Charles Darwin during his lifetime

Answer 6

Change in gene frequency in gene pools

Question 7

Criteria for maintaining Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium involving 2 alleles

Answer 7

There should be no natural selection
Mating must be random
Populations must be large
Gene flow from other populations must be 0

Question 8

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with 2 alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele is 0.7. What is the percentage of the population that is homozygous for this allele?

Answer 8

49

Question 9

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with 2 alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.2. What is the frequency of individuals with Aa genotype?

Answer 9

0.32

Question 10

In a population with 2 alleles, A and a, the frequency of a is 0.50. What would be the frequency of heterozygous if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Answer 10

0.50

Question 11

In peas, a gene controls flower color such that R=purple and r=white. In an isolated pea patch, there are 36 purple flowers and 64 white flowers. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the value of q for this population?

Answer 11

0.80

Question 12

Which factor is the MOST important in producing the variability that occurs in each generation of humans?

Answer 12

Sexual recombination

Question 13

A chromosomal mutation that can increase the mass of DNA present in an organism’s genome, creating superfluous DNA that may undergo further changes producing entirely new genes

Answer 13

Duplication

Question 14

In a large, sexually reproducing population, the frequency of an allele changes from 0.6 to 0.2. From this change, one can most logically assume that, in this environment…

Answer 14

The allele reduces fitness

Question 15

If the frequency of a particular allele that is present in a small, isolated population of alpine plants should change due to a landslide that leaves an even smaller remnant of surviving plants, then what has occurred?

Answer 15

A bottleneck and genetic drift

Question 16

Through time, the movement of people on Earth had steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing what?

Answer 16

Gene flow

Question 17

A trend toward the decrease in the size of plants on the slopes of mountains as altitudes increase is an example of what?

Answer 17

A cline

Question 18

The Darwinian fitness of an individual is measured by

Answer 18

The number of its offspring that survive to reproduce

Question 19

Some species of Anopheles mosquito live in brackish water, some in running fresh water, and others in stagnant water. What type of reproductive barrier is most obviously separating these different species?

Answer 19

Habitat isolation

Question 20

Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring do not complete development. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate?

Answer 20

The postzygotic barrier called hybrid inviability

Question 21

A defining characteristic of allopatric speciation is

Answer 21

Geographic isolation

Question 22

The ostrich and the emu look very similar and live in similar habitats, however they are not very closely related. This is an example of what?

Answer 22

Convergent evolution

Question 23

This is an example of a pair that is homologous

Answer 23

Bat wing and human hand

Question 24

Which gas was probably least abundant in Earth's early atmosphere?

Answer 24

Oxygen

Question 25

In their lab simulations of the early Earth, Miller and Urey observed the abiotic synthesis of what?

Answer 25

Amino acids

Question 26

The sequence of events in the origin of life

Answer 26

1) Synthesis of organic monomers 2) Synthesis of organic polymers 3) Formation of protobionts

Question 27

Approximately how far back in time does the fossil record extend?

Answer 27

3,500,000,000 years

Question 28

Which measurements would help determine absolute dates by radiometricmeans?

Answer 28

The accumulation of the daughter isotope (Carbon 12) and the loss of parent isotope (Carbon 14)

Question 29

An African butterfly species exists in two strikingly different color patterns. (Tell me the selection type this refers to)

Answer 29

Disruptive selection

Question 30

Brightly colored peacocks mate more frequently than do drab peacocks. (Tell me the selection type this refers to)

Answer 30

Sexual selection

Question 31

Most Swiss starlings produce 4 to 5 eggs in each clutch. (Tell me the selection type this refers to)

Answer 31

Stabilizing selection

Question 32

Fossil evidence indicates that horses have gradually increased in size over geologic time. (Tell me the selection type this refers to)

Answer 32

Directional selection

Question 33

The average birth weight for human babies is about 3 kg. (Tell me the selection type this refers to)

Answer 33

Stabilizing selection

Question 34

A certain species of land snail exists as either a cream color or a solid brown color. Intermediate individuals are relatively rare. (Tell me the selection type this refers to)

Answer 34

Disruptive selection

Question 35

Pathogenic bacteria found in many hospitals are antibiotic resistant. (Tell me the selection type this refers to)

Answer 35

Directional selection

Question 36

Two species of orchids with different floral anatomy. (Tell me the type of reproductive isolation this refers to)

Answer 36

Mechanical

Question 37

Two species of trout that breed in different seasons. (Tell me the type of reproductive isolation this refers to)

Answer 37

Temporal

Question 38

Two species of meadowlarks with different mating songs. (Tell me the type of reproductive isolation this refers to)

Answer 38

Behavioral

Question 39

Two species of garter snakes live in the same region, but one lives in water and the other lives on land. (Tell me the type of reproductive isolation this refers to)

Answer 39

Habitat

Question 40

Two species of pine shed their pollen at different times. (Tell me the type of reproductive isolation this refers to)

Answer 40

Temporal

Question 41

Mating fruit flies recognize the appearance, odor, taping motions, and sounds of members of their own species, but not of other species. (Tell me the type of reproductive isolation this refers to)

Answer 41

Behavioral

Question 42

The scarlet oak is adapted to moist bottomland, whereas the black oak is adapted to dry upland soils. (Tell me the type of reproductive isolation this refers to)

Answer 42

Habitat