AP Bio Chapters 22, 23, 24, and 25 Flashcards
A statement about natural selection
Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring, and thus contribute more to the gene pool, than poorly adapted individuals
In evolutionary terms, the more closely related two different organisms are, the…
the more recently they shared a common ancestor
During drought years on the Galapagos, small, easily eaten seeds become rare leaving only large, hard-cased seeds that only birds with large beaks can eat. If a drought persists for several years, then what should one expect to result from natural selection?
More small-beaked birds dying than the larger-beaked birds. The offspring produced in subsequent generations have a higher percentage of birds with large beaks.
An example of an anatomical structure which is homologous to the wing of a bat is…
The arm of a human
This is a piece if evidence that strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth
All organisms use essentially the same genetic code
Members of two different species possess a similar-looking structure that they use in a similar fashion to perform the same function. Which information would shed the MOST light on whether these structures are homologous or whether they are, instead, the result of convergent evolution?
The two species share many proteins in common, and the nucleotide sequences that code for these proteins are almost identical.
The definition of evolution that would have been most foreign to Charles Darwin during his lifetime
Change in gene frequency in gene pools
Criteria for maintaining Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium involving 2 alleles
There should be no natural selection
Mating must be random
Populations must be large
Gene flow from other populations must be 0
In a Hardy-Weinberg population with 2 alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele is 0.7. What is the percentage of the population that is homozygous for this allele?
49
In a Hardy-Weinberg population with 2 alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.2. What is the frequency of individuals with Aa genotype?
0.32
In a population with 2 alleles, A and a, the frequency of a is 0.50. What would be the frequency of heterozygous if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
0.50
In peas, a gene controls flower color such that R=purple and r=white. In an isolated pea patch, there are 36 purple flowers and 64 white flowers. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the value of q for this population?
0.80
Which factor is the MOST important in producing the variability that occurs in each generation of humans?
Sexual recombination
A chromosomal mutation that can increase the mass of DNA present in an organism’s genome, creating superfluous DNA that may undergo further changes producing entirely new genes
Duplication
In a large, sexually reproducing population, the frequency of an allele changes from 0.6 to 0.2. From this change, one can most logically assume that, in this environment…
The allele reduces fitness
If the frequency of a particular allele that is present in a small, isolated population of alpine plants should change due to a landslide that leaves an even smaller remnant of surviving plants, then what has occurred?
A bottleneck and genetic drift
Through time, the movement of people on Earth had steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing what?
Gene flow
A trend toward the decrease in the size of plants on the slopes of mountains as altitudes increase is an example of what?
A cline
The Darwinian fitness of an individual is measured by
The number of its offspring that survive to reproduce
Some species of Anopheles mosquito live in brackish water, some in running fresh water, and others in stagnant water. What type of reproductive barrier is most obviously separating these different species?
Habitat isolation
Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring do not complete development. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate?
The postzygotic barrier called hybrid inviability
A defining characteristic of allopatric speciation is
Geographic isolation
The ostrich and the emu look very similar and live in similar habitats, however they are not very closely related. This is an example of what?
Convergent evolution
This is an example of a pair that is homologous
Bat wing and human hand
Which gas was probably least abundant in Earth’s early atmosphere?
Oxygen
In their lab simulations of the early Earth, Miller and Urey observed the abiotic synthesis of what?
Amino acids
The sequence of events in the origin of life
1) Synthesis of organic monomers
2) Synthesis of organic polymers
3) Formation of protobionts
Approximately how far back in time does the fossil record extend?
3,500,000,000 years
Which measurements would help determine absolute dates by radiometricmeans?
The accumulation of the daughter isotope (Carbon 12) and the loss of parent isotope (Carbon 14)
An African butterfly species exists in two strikingly different color patterns. (Tell me the selection type this refers to)
Disruptive selection
Brightly colored peacocks mate more frequently than do drab peacocks. (Tell me the selection type this refers to)
Sexual selection
Most Swiss starlings produce 4 to 5 eggs in each clutch. (Tell me the selection type this refers to)
Stabilizing selection
Fossil evidence indicates that horses have gradually increased in size over geologic time. (Tell me the selection type this refers to)
Directional selection
The average birth weight for human babies is about 3 kg. (Tell me the selection type this refers to)
Stabilizing selection
A certain species of land snail exists as either a cream color or a solid brown color. Intermediate individuals are relatively rare. (Tell me the selection type this refers to)
Disruptive selection
Pathogenic bacteria found in many hospitals are antibiotic resistant. (Tell me the selection type this refers to)
Directional selection
Two species of orchids with different floral anatomy. (Tell me the type of reproductive isolation this refers to)
Mechanical
Two species of trout that breed in different seasons. (Tell me the type of reproductive isolation this refers to)
Temporal
Two species of meadowlarks with different mating songs. (Tell me the type of reproductive isolation this refers to)
Behavioral
Two species of garter snakes live in the same region, but one lives in water and the other lives on land. (Tell me the type of reproductive isolation this refers to)
Habitat
Two species of pine shed their pollen at different times. (Tell me the type of reproductive isolation this refers to)
Temporal
Mating fruit flies recognize the appearance, odor, taping motions, and sounds of members of their own species, but not of other species. (Tell me the type of reproductive isolation this refers to)
Behavioral
The scarlet oak is adapted to moist bottomland, whereas the black oak is adapted to dry upland soils. (Tell me the type of reproductive isolation this refers to)
Habitat
