Ap Bio Chapters 43 And 48 Flashcards
Clinical characteristics of inflammation
Redness, increased blood flow, edema, pain.
The innate immunity that protects a person digging in the garden from developing a microbial infection includes what?
Mucous membranes, antimicrobial proteins, the skin, and acidic secretions
Innate immunity
They include inflammatory response, they include physical and chemical barriers, they may involve the formation of membrane attack complexes, and macrophages and natural killer cells are participants in the process.
FALSE STATEMENT: they must be primed by the presence of an antigen
Most important event establishing a primary immune response
The recognition of self versus foreign
Foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies
Antigens
If a newborn were born without a functional thymus, what would most likely happen?
His T cells would not undergo the test of self-tolerance to mature
A person exposed to a new cold virus would not feel better for 1 to 2 weeks because?
Phagocytic cells must first be activated and then acquired immunity
True of both T and B cells
They produce effector cells against specific pathogens and they are produced from stem cells of the bone marrow
The MHC proteins are important in
Distinguishing self from no self and identifying cancer cells
The events (in order) that occur when a mammalian immune system first encounters a pathogen
1) Ag from pathogen bind to Ag receptors on lymphocytes
2) Lymphocytes specific to Ag from pathogen become numerous
3) Lymphocytes secrete antibodies
4) Pathogen is destroyed
5) Only memory cells remain
Antibodies of the different classes of immunoglobins (MADGE) differ from each other in what way?
The constant region of the receptor
Jenner successfully used cowpox virus as a vaccine against the virus that causes smallpox. Why was he successful even though he used viruses of different kinds?
Because there are some antigenic determinants common to both pox viruses.
The sodium-potassium pump of neurons pumps…
Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell
It is the depolarization that is needed to generate an action potential
The threshold potential of a membrane
After an action potential, how is the resting potential restored?
By the opening of voltage-sensitive K+ channels and the closing of Na+ activation gates
Which part of the vertebrate nervous system is most involved in preparation for the fight-or-flight response?
Sympathetic
The neuron processes that normally receive incoming stimuli are called what?
Dendrites
Impulse conduction is fastest in neurons that are what?
Myelinated
In the sequence of permeability changes that depolarizers and then repolarizes the membrane of a neuron during an action potential, which change occurs first?
Sodium gates open
These cells are involved in cell-mediate immunity and destroy virally infected cells
Cytotoxic T cells
These cells are long lived and can phagocytize many times
Macrophages
These cells are innate and check for cell ID tags
Natural killer cells
These secrete antibodies
B cells
These cells are the link between cell-mediate and humoral defenses
Helper T cells
A neuropeptide that functions as a natural analgesic
Endorphin
A major inhibitory neurotransmitter
GABA
Major neurotransmitter of skeletal muscle cells
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter that can affect mood
Serotonin
Stimulates the fight or flight response
Epinephrine
Contains centers that control body temperature
Hypothalamus
Coordinates muscle actions
Cerebellum
Controls breathing, heart rate, swallowing, and vomiting
Medulla oblongata
Seat of consciousness
Cerebrum
Relay center for the brain
Thalamus
Period when the interior of the cell becomes less negative due to an influx of sodium
Depolarization
Specific period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron due to change in membrane permeability
Repolarization
Local depolarization starts this part of the conduction process
Action potential
Period when the neuron is at rest; it has a more negative interior compared to the exterior of the cell
Polarization
The step in the conduction process that requires the use of ATP
Sodium-potassium pump
Adaptive immunity
Slower response, recognition of traits specific to particular pathogens. A defense found only in vertebrates. Animals with adaptive immunity produce a vast arsenal of receptors each if which recognizes a feature typically found only on a particular part if a particular molecule in a particular pathogen. As a result, recognition and response is very specific.
Innate immunity
Broad, rapid.defense active immediately upon infection same whether or not the pathogen has been encountered before.
Macromolecule
A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction, polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Macrophages
Big eaters. Larger Phagocytic cells.
Natural killer cells
Innate. Detect abnormal surface proteins of cells with virus or cancer.do not engulf. Release chemicals.
Neutrophils
Attracted by signals from infected tissues and then engulf and destroy the infecting pathogen
