AP 2 Module 5: Problem Set Flashcards
The lymphatic system is closely connected with what other body system?
Cardiovascular system
What are lymphatic vessels?
The lymphatic vessels take up excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream
What are three functions of the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic vessels take up excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream. (2) Lymphatic capillaries absorb fats and transport them to the bloodstream. (3) The lymphatic system helps with immunity to defend the body against disease.
What is lymph?
Excess tissue fluid entering the lymphatic capillaries from the interstitial fluid not returned by the cardiovascular system.
Describe the flow of lymph.
The lymph flows one way, from the lymphatic capillary system to the subclavian veins, where it joins the venous circulation to return to the heart.
True or false: Lymph vessels are only found in the lower extremities.
False
Describe the structure of lymph vessels.
Lymph vessels have one-way flow valves similar in structure to the large veins of the cardiovascular system. The valves prevent the backward flow of lymph. The return of the lymph fluid into circulation is solely dependent on the squeezing action of skeletal muscles, squeezing the fluid one way through the lymphatic vessels.
Label the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct.
See figure in module
True or false: The thoracic duct drains fluid from the right arm.
False-the left arm
The right lymphatic duct drains into the ________.
Right subclavian vein
Describe the structure of a lymph node.
A lymph node is encapsulated in a fibrous connective tissue with many incoming and fewer outgoing lymphatic vessels. Incoming vessels (afferent vessels) flow through a network of sinuses that contain cells. The lymph then flows out of the lymph node through the efferent vessel. The interior of the lymph node is divided into open spaces called nodules, containing lymphocytes and macrophages.
What is the axilla region?
Armpit
The spleen is in what region of the body?
The spleen is in the upper left abdomen.
After blood exits the spleen via the splenic vein, where does it travel?
Blood leaves the spleen via the splenic vein which flows to the hepatic portal vein (also called the hepatic portal system). The hepatic portal system carries blood drained from the veins of the spleen, intestines, stomach and pancreas to the liver. The hepatic portal vein transports blood into the liver where it is detoxified before returning to general circulation.
What is the function of the spleen?
The spleen functions to extract old or defective blood cells and platelets. The spleen also removes debris, foreign matter, bacteria, viruses and toxins from the blood that flows through it.
Label the splenic artery, vein and hepatic portal vein.
See figures in module.
Locate the thymus and describe its function.
The thymus gland is located on anterior surface of the heart. The thymus secretes thymosin and thymopoietin hormones which enable T lymphocytes (T cells) to mature and function as part of the immunity system. Mature T cells attack body cells which are cancerous or infected with pathogens.
Locate the tonsils and describe their function.
The tonsils (palatine tonsils) are a group of small lymphoid organs in the lateral, posterior portions of the throat. The tonsils gather and destroy bacteria inhaled in air or food.
What is the purpose of the specific immune system?
The specific immune system is targeted and extremely effective against pathogens. The main lymphocytes involved in specific immune responses are the T cells and the B cells. Both specific and nonspecific immune responses will be discussed here to give an overview of how the body reacts to an invasion from a foreign attack.
What is the purpose of the nonspecific immune system?
It serves as a first line of defense through physical and chemical barriers to prevent pathogens from entering the body. The nonspecific immune system response is the same to all threats that attempt to enter the body. This generalized defense system rapidly destroys large numbers of pathogens.
Discuss one body system involved in the nonspecific immune response.
Examples include: Skin, tears, sweat, normal flora, inflammatory response, fevers
What is swelling and why does it occur?
Tissue swelling dilates blood vessels in the affected area to help increase the number of immune cells responding to the infection. The increase of blood also causes redness and pain, helping to bring a conscious awareness of the infection.
What are the two types of cytokines?
The two main groups of cytokines include interferons and interleukins.
What cells produce cytokines?
Both types of cytokines are produced by a variety of immune cells, including macrophages, T cells, B cells, and fibroblasts.