AP 2 2.3: Cranial Nerves Flashcards
peripheral nervous system
As a review, the peripheral nervous system lies outside the central nervous system. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves, which are part of either the somatic system or autonomic system.
somatic nervous system
peripheral nervous system
The somatic nervous system contains nerves that control skeletal muscles, skin, and joints. The somatic nervous system includes all nerves that serve the musculoskeletal system and exterior sense organs, including the skin. Exterior sense organs, including sense organs embedded in the skin, are receptors
Receptors
peripheral nervous system
Receptors receive environmental stimuli, and then initiate nerve impulses towards the central nervous system
effectors
peripheral nervous system
Muscle fibers and glands are effectors, which bring about a reaction to the stimulus in the peripheral nervous system.
autonomic system contains
peripheral nervous system
The autonomic system contains nerves that control the smooth muscles of the internal organs and glands.
visceral motor
peripheral nervous system
The nerves in the autonomic system are called visceral motor when they control smooth muscles or involuntary functions.
Cranial Nerves
Humans have twelve pairs of cranial nerves attached to the brain (Figure 2.22). Cranial nerves are either sensory nerves (having long dendrites of sensory neurons only), motor nerves (having long axons of motor neurons only), or mixed nerves (having both long dendrites and long axons). Cranial nerves are abbreviated with the prefix CN, followed by a number.
sensory nerves
Cranial Nerves
Cranial nerves are either sensory nerves (having long dendrites of sensory neurons only),
motor nerves
Cranial Nerves
Cranial nerves are either, motor nerves (having long axons of motor neurons only)
mixed nerves
Cranial Nerves
mixed nerves (having both long dendrites and long axons)
Cranial nerves are abbreviated
Cranial Nerves
Cranial nerves are abbreviated with the prefix CN, followed by a number. The number corresponds to their location in relation to their position on brainstem. Except for the vagus nerve, all cranial nerves control the head, neck, and face. The vagus nerve controls the internal organs. Cranial nerves can also be categorized based on the type of sensory information they are carrying.
Special sensory
Special sensory nerves carry information responsible for sight, smell, hearing, or balance.
optic (CN II)
The second cranial nerve is the optic (CN II). See Figure 2.24 to see the nerve inside the brain. It is a special sensory nerve responsible for the sense of sight. The optic nerve originates in the retinas of each eye and cross at the optic chiasm and synapse in the thalamus. The neurons then connect to send information to the visual cortex of the occipital lobe.
olfactory (CN I)
The first cranial nerve is the olfactory (CN I). See Figure 2.23 to see the nerve inside the brain. It is a special sensory nerve responsible for the sense of smell. The nerve originates in olfactory epithelium and terminates in the olfactory bulbs. The olfactory nerves are the only cranial nerves that are attached to the cerebrum, not the brainstem.
oculomotor (CN III)
The third cranial nerve is the oculomotor (CN III). See Figure 2.25 to see the nerve inside the brain. It is a motor nerve responsible for eye movement in both somatic motor and visceral motor systems. Somatic motor movement controls the superior, inferior, and medial rectus (the inferior oblique muscles for movement of the eye). The visceral motor division controls the dilation of the pupil. Dilation (opening) or contraction (closing) of the pupil changes the amount of light that is let into the eye.