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A&P2 > AP > Flashcards

AP Flashcards

1
Q

Causes relaxation of the mesangial cells and increases filtration membrane area

A

ANP

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2
Q

Continuously resorbed by type A intercalates cells

A

Potassium

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3
Q

Causes contraction of mesangial cells

A

Angiotensin II

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4
Q

Medications/substances which reduce fever

A

Antipyretics

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5
Q

Found in the DCT; pressure and chemical sensor

A

Macula dense

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6
Q

Output of urine of more than 2L/day

A

Polyuria

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7
Q

Converts angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I

A

Renin

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8
Q

Ranges from 1.001-1.028 in urine

A

Specific gravity

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9
Q

Increase aquaporin insertion into cell membrane

A

ADH

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10
Q

May occur when aspirin is consumes in younger individuals following a viral infection

A

Reye Syndrome

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11
Q

By-product of muscle metabolism that is only secreted in the urine

A

Creatinine

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12
Q

Concentration of filtrate in a juxtamedullary renal loop (loop of henle)

A

1200 mOsm

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13
Q

Responsible for the production of antibodies

A

Plasma Cells

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14
Q

Attachment of complement proteins the surface of a pathogen

A

Opsonization

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15
Q

Provides somatic innervation to the external urethral sphincter

A

Pudendal Nerve

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16
Q

Secretes gastrin

A

Enteroendocrine/G-cells

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17
Q

Increases digestive secretions and motility

A

Parasympathetic stimulation

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18
Q

Cause of most ulcers

A

Helicobacter pylori

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19
Q

Primary job of the large intestine

A

Water absorption

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20
Q

Found only in the stomach: aids with mechanical digestion

A

Oblique Muscles Layer

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21
Q

Found in the duodenum; helps neutralize acidic chyme

A

Brunner’s glands

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22
Q

Released by the duodenum and inhibits gastric function

A

CCK

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23
Q

Fetal bypass from the umbilical vein to the IVC

A

Ligamentum venosum

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24
Q

Formed by the union of the splenic vein, interior mesenteric vein and superior mesenteric vein,

A

Hepatic portal vein

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25
Q

Attached to the cecum

A

Appendix

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26
Q

Digests molecules like DNA and RNA

A

Nucleosidases

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27
Q

Formation of gall stones

A

Cholelithiasis

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28
Q

Attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth

A

Lingual frenulum

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29
Q

Helps increase surface area in the small intestines for absorption.

A

Villi

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30
Q

Attaches the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

A

Mesocolon

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31
Q

Release of PGE2 raises the hypothalamic set point for body temperature

A

True

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32
Q

Natural killer cells form a MAC complex in pathogens which results in cell lysis

33
Q

Areas undergoing an inflammatory response have increased blood flow

34
Q

The kidneys are responsible for the production of erythropoietin, which increases erythrocyte production

35
Q

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of the macula densa and granular cells (juxtaglomerular cells)

36
Q

Large anionic molecules are excluded from crossing the glomerular filtration membrane due to the presence of negative charges

37
Q

Sympathetic Stimulation of kidney functioning results in an increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

38
Q

The counter0current exchange mechanism allows for exchange of salt and water between the look of Henle and the vasa recta

39
Q

100% of glucose that is filtered is reabsorbed by the end of the PCT

40
Q

Uric acid is produced from nucleic acid breakdown in the liver

41
Q

The mucosa is comprised of epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis

42
Q

Mesentary is the name given to peritoneum that attaches the large intestine to the posterior wall

43
Q

Chyme in the duodenum is the signal to begin decreasing gastric functioning

44
Q

Cementum is the substance that covers the tooth root

45
Q

Circular folds (plicae circularis) are abundant in the jejunum and ileum

46
Q

The porta hepatis consists of the common bile duct, hepatic artery and hepatic vein

47
Q

Central veins can be found in the venter of a liver lobule

48
Q

The appendix is attached to the ileum

49
Q

Goblet cells become less abundant from the cecum to the rectum

50
Q

Flatus/intestinal gas is formed as bacteria try to digest cellulose and other digested carbohydrates

51
Q

Which of the following is not a correct function of the urinary system?

A

A. Excretion of solid/indigestible wastes
B. Formation of calcitriol
C. Regulation of blood pressure
D. Release of erythropoietin
Correct: A

52
Q

Which of the following clinical terms is used to describe the failure of a kidney to develop? Horseshoe kidney, renal agenesis, pelvic kidney, or supernumerary kidney

A

Renal Agenesis

53
Q

In what specific area of the kidney are the interlobar arteries found? Renal columns, renal cortex, renal pyramids, renal pelvis

A

Renal Columns

54
Q

Which layer of the filtration membrane consists of pedicels and filtration slits ? Basement membrane, fenestrated endothelium, mesangial cells, or visceral layer of glomerular capsule.

A

Visceral layer of glomerular capsule

55
Q

From what area of the nephron is water passively removed from the filtrate due to the high concentration of salt found in the medulla? Ascending limb of the renal loop, descending limb of the renal loop, distal convoluted tubule, proximal convoluted tubule.

A

Descending limb of the renal loop

56
Q

Which of the following describes the movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid? Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, glomerular excretion, tubular secretion

A

Tubular secretion

57
Q

Which if the following would be found in the filtrate following glomerular filtration? Albumin, Erythrocytes, Glucose, Leukocytes,

58
Q

If mean arterial blood pressure decreases (For instance below 80mmHg) what would happen to urine production? Excessive urine output, insufficient urine production, no effect, or increase in ANP secretion

A

Insufficient urine production

59
Q

What the intrinsic myogenic mechanism is unable to maintain filtration pressure in a normal range, which of the following will occur? Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism further vasoconstricts the afferent arteriole, sympthatetic activation will decrease blood flow into the kidney, ANP Release from the heart will increase the glomerular filtration rate, mesangial cells will relax due to an increase in ADH release.

A

Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism further vasocontricts the afferent arteriole

60
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) increases GFR by which of the following mechanisms? Contraction of mesangial cells, vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole, increasing blood pressure, inhibiting secretion of renin.

A

Inhibiting secretion of renin

61
Q

What type of transport occurs when substances are moved between tubule cells? Cytotic transport, intracellular transport, paracellular transport, transcellular transport.

A

Paracellular transport

62
Q

Which of the following is utilized to move glucose from filtrate into the proximal convoluted tubule cells? Aquaporins, glucose uniporter, sodium-glucose symporter, sodium-potassium pump.

A

Sodium-glucose symporter

63
Q

Aldosterone increases the reabsorption of what molecule? Calcium, sodium, potassium, urea

64
Q

What hormone is responsible for inhibiting phosphate (PO43) in the PCT and stimulating calcium, reabsorption in the DCT? ADH, ANP, Parathyroid hormone, renin

A

Parathyroid Hormone

65
Q

Which of the following substances contributes to approximately one-half of the solute concentration in the medulla as it is continually cycled between CT/CD and nephron loop? Creatinine, glucose, urea, uric acid

66
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the chemical composition of urine? 80 % water 20 % solutes, 85% water 15 % solutes, 90 % water 10 % solutes, 95 % water 5 % solutes.

A

95% water 5% solutes

67
Q

What term is used to describe the area between the ureteral openings and the urethral opening in the bladder? Adventitia, lobule, trigone, urogenital diaphragm.

68
Q

Which salivary gland is found on the lateral aspect of the jaw inferior to the mandible? Lingual, Parotid, sublingual, submandibular,

A

Submandibular

69
Q

How many total incisors are found in a set of adult teeth? 2,4,6,8

70
Q

What type of epithelium lines the oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus? Nonkeratinized stratified squamous, simple squamous, Keratinized stratified squamous, simple columnar

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous cell carcinoma

71
Q

Which of the following structures is essential in controlling contraction of the muscularis (externa) along the length of the digestive tract? Pyloric sphincter, myenteric plexus, goblet cells, submucosal plexus

A

Myenteric plexus

72
Q

What epithelial type can be found lining the stomach through the rectum? Simple columnar, stratified columnar, stratified squamous, transitional

A

Simple columnar

73
Q

What term properly describes the rhythmic contractions that occur during the esophageal phase of swallowing that moves food from the esophagus into the stomach? Excretion, peristalsis, secretion, reabsorption

A

Peristalsis

74
Q

Which of the following is not a correct component of the muscularis (externa)? Circular layer of muscle, longitudinal layer of muscle, myenteric plexus, submucosal plexus

A

Submucosal plexus

75
Q

Which of the following is not produced in a gastric gland? Bile, gastrin, intrinsic factor, gastric lipase

76
Q

What molecule is needed to activate pepsinogen? Gastric amylase, gastrin, hydrochloric acid (HCl), pepsinogen

A

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

77
Q

What cell in the stomach is capable of production bicarbonate? Chief cell, G-cell, parietal cell, surface mucous cell

A

Parietal cell

A&P2 (6 decks)

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