AP Flashcards
URINARY SYSTEM (2-35)
Which of the following waste products is not eliminated by secretion in the kidneys?
sodium
which of the following occurs if antidiuretic hormone is absent?
polyuria
where is ADH made
hypothalamus
what is the normal pH of blood?
7.4
urine is produced how often?
on a continuous basis
the glomeruli are found primarily in what portion of the kidney?
renal cortex
CO2 is considered
acid
what hormone is produced in the kidneys
ADH
the ureters enter the urinary bladder at what structure?
trigone
where does secretion primarily occur?
distal convoluted tubule
bicarbonate acts as a
acid
the ureters are composed of how many layers?
3
which of the following hromones is produced in the kidneys
arythropoietin
which of the following hormones are responsible for urine volume regulation?
both ADH and aldosterone
what percentage of blood pumped by the heart goes to the kidneys?
25%
which of the following converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1
renin
angiotensin II plays an important role for what?
bp regulation
the loop of henle in the nephron is found primarily in what portion of the kidney?
medulla
which of the following converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin II
ACE
the ____ arteriole carries blood away from the renal artery, towards the glomerulus
afferent
when passing urine is painful and uncomfortable, it is known as what?
dysuria
what species has multi-lobular kidneys?
cattle
the urinary bladder is not responsible for what
urine filtration
the point at which blood vessels, nerves, and ureters enter and leave the kidneys is known as
hilus
the area of the kidney were urine collection occurs before entering the ureter is known as the
renal pelvis
the urethra of ____ has both urinary and reproductive functions
males
which kidney is located more cranially?
right
which of the following is the basic functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
the filtration unit of the kidney is called the
glomeruli
which of the following is considered the main mechanism in which the kidneys perform waste elimination?
all of the following
which of the following is considered a post renal injury?
urethral obstruction
what is the correct path for urine elimination?
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
the highly convoluted ______ extends fromt he glomerular capsule to the connection with the collection duct
renal tubule
antidiuretic hormone is also known as
vaspressint
NERVOUS SYSTEM (37-81)
which one of the following cranial nerves is known as the vagus nerve? when this nerve is stimulated, bradycardia and/or syncope may occur
CN X
the centers of higher learning and intelligence are found in the
cerebrum
many excitatory neurotransmitters usually cause _____ influx so that the postsynaptic membrane moves toward threshold and depolarization can begin a new nerve impulse
sodium ion
in the spinal cord the small gaps in the myelin sheath between adjacent glial cells are called
nodes of Ranvier
which statement is false?
the somatic nervous system coordinates movement of smooth and cardiac muscle
which one of the following neurotransmitters in inhibitory only?
gamma-aminobutyric acid
what keeps many drugs from readily passing from the blood into the brain?
blood-brain barrier
fluid that circulated between layers of the meninges and through cavities of the brain and spinal cord is
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
which clinical sign is characterized of the parasympathetic nervous system stimulation/
reduced heart rate
many neurotransmitters are broken down by
enzymes
when a stimulus is strong enough to cause complete depolarization, it has reached
threshold
what ist he result of a normal palpebral reflex
a light tap on the medial canthus of the eye produces a blink of its eyelid
afferent nerve fibers carry sensations
toward the CNS
the period during which a neuron that has generated a nerve impulse cannot generate another is called the
refractory period
what type of reflex causes the extensor muscles on one limb to contract when the flexor muscles on the opposite limb contract?
crossed extensor reflex
what structure is not found in the brainstem?
hypothalamus
the three catecholamine neurotransmitters are
norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopaine
how does myelin affect the conduction of nerve impulses
speeds them up
what part of the brain has overall control of the endocrine system and acts as the body’s “thermostat”?
hypothalamus
an example of an action controlled by the somatic nervous system is
turning the head
the medulla oblongata is part of the
brainstem
the connective tissue layer that lies directly on the surface of the brain and spinal cord is the
pia mater
white matter is made up of
myelinated axons
the hole running through the center of the spinal cord is the
central canal
the efferent processes of a nerve cell are the
axons
gaps in the myelin sheath are referred to as
nodes of ranvier
a(n) _____ excites by mimicking a particular neurotransmitter or blocking its reuptake. A(n) ____ inhibits a neurotransmitter release or blocks its effects
agonist; antagonist
the part of the CNS that contains the corpus callosum is the
cerebrum
the part of the CNS that controls coordinated movement, balance, and posture is the
cerebellum
which of the following statements is true?
nervous system may be divided anatomically, by directions of impulses, or by function
the space between a neuron and a target cell is called the
synapse
nerve cells receive stimuli or impulses through
dendrites
the spinal cord exits the skull through what structure?
foramen magnum
afferent neurons are part of what system?
sensory
the fight-or-flight response to an emergency situation is a specific function of the
sympathetic nervous system
the “all-or-nothing” principle means
an entire neuron depolarizes to its maximum strength
the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is
acetylcholine
in a healthy animal, if you shine a light in one eye what should happen?
the pupils of both eyes should constrict
the neurotransmitter that is most responsible for the “fight or flight” reaction is
epinephrine
a somatic reflex involves
skeletal muscle contraction
which of these is not a response from stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
decreased HR
when the patellar ligament is tapped, what type of reflex causes the quadricep muscle to contract, producing a small kick?
stretch reflex
how many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
the cranial nerves originate from the
brainstem
the basic, functional units of the nervous system are
neurons
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (83-127)
if the CO2 lvl in blood rises above a preset limit, how will the respiratory center adjust the breathing to compensate?
increase rate and depth of respiration
lung expansion during inhalation is an active movement
false
which area of the brain helps us control our breathing
medulla oblongata
which structure is composed of several c-shaped incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage>
trachea
which of the following is not a function of the nasal turbinates?
cool air
low blood lvls of O2 can bring on
sighs
in a relaxed state the diaphragm assumes a dome shape with the
convex surface facing in a cranial direction
how are the lungs of a cat divided?
3 left, 4 right
which of the following structures suspends the larynx from the skull?
hyoid apparatus
all the organs in the thoracic cavity are covered by a thin membrane known as the
pleura
the work of the respiratory system can be divided into the following four parts. The movement of gases across the alveolar membrane (breathing) is called
ventilation
the blood vessel that carries blood to the lungs from the heart is the
pulmonary artery
apnea will cause
respiratory acidosis
what is the normal pH of blood?
7.4
the thorax is normally under
negative pressure
which of the following is a short, irregular tube of cartilage and muscle that connects the pharynx with the trachea
larynx
both the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles are composed of skeletal muscle
true
which of the following are considered to be a major strucutre/s within the thoracic cavity
all options
the internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles are the 2 main expiratory muscles
true
if an animal breathes in 500ml with each resting breath and takes 15 breaths per minute, how many liters has the animal inspired and expired in 1 minutes
7.5
which of the following is the common passageway for the respiratory and digestive tract?
pharynx
the nasal septum separates
the left nasal passage from the right nasal passage
bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction are controlled by
the autonomic nervous system acting on smooth muscle
pulmo/ and plumon/o means
lungs
carbon dioxide is an ____ and elevated levels would cause the pH to ____
acid; lower
decreased oxygen in the blood
hypoxemia
decreased respiration
bradypnea
breathing easy/well
eupnea
increased CO2 in the blood
hypercapnia
difficult breathing
dyspnea
decreased CO2 in the blood
hypocapnia
increased respiration
tachypnea
absence of breathing
apnea
decreased O2 in the tissues
hypoxia
the thorax is divided into left and right sides by the
mediastinum
the trachea splits into 2 bronchi at the
bifurcation
where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
alveolus
on inspiration, the pressure in the thoracic cavity, as compared to ambient air pressure, is
negative
which of the following structures in not part of the lower respiratory tract?
pharynx
which of the following is the correct term for the amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration
residual volume
the opening to the larynx is called the
glottis
blood entering the lungs from the heart is dark red because of
high carbon dioxide content
which of the following terms described how gas exchange works?
diffusion
in the healthy awake cat, the primary stimulus within blood for respiration is
increased CO2
which of the following is the main muscle for inspiration
diaphragm
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (129-169)
this structure acts as a radiator to cool blood or warm blood as it moves into and out of the testicle
pampiniform plexus
the ovaries are the female gonads
true
what is another term for sex hormones?
androgens
________ is the primary male androgen
testosterone
what hormone/hormones may be produced by the ovary?
both estrogen and progesterone
the prostate gland completely surrounds which structure?
urethra
what part of the male repro system links the testes to the rest of the body?
spermatic cord
during meiosis cells make duplicate copies of themselves before daughter cells separate and pull apart
false
which of the following species has a sigmoid flexure?
bovine
gametes are repro cells
true
which of the following is an example of monoestrous animal?
mink
which of the following is not a layer of the uterus?
epimetrium
cats have short spines covering which area of the penis?
glans
who has a more complex repro tract?
females
the mesosalpinx ligament supports which organ?
oviduct
the bulbourethral gland is also known as
cowpers gland
ovulation is considered to be a traumatic event
true
ova and spermatozoa have diploid numbers of chromosomes
false
the male chromosome is designated which of the following letters?
Y
when a mature follicle ruptures the remaining site is called
corpus hemorrhagicum
what is another name for the oviducts?
fallopian tubes
the production or development of ova is termed
oogenesis
spermatozoa are produced in the epididymis
false
which of the following species does not have an os penis?
cats
which of the following species does not have bulbourethral glands?
dog
what hormone contracts the female repro tract to help move spermatozoa into the oviducts
oxytocin
in most species fertilization occurs in the
oviducts
where does spermatogenesis occur?
seminiferous tubules
the tough fibrous layers of tissue that cover the testicles are called
proper and common tunics
an example of a seasonally polyestrous animal is a
cat
ovulation occurs due to a spike in the level of FSH
false
in what stage of the estrous cycle does the corpus luteum develop?
metestrus
cats are an example of a seasonally polyestrous animal
true
the female ovary has unlimited numbers of ova available for recruitment
false
accessory sex glands are responsible for providing
all of the options
ova enter the uterus after it is carried from the infundibulum through the cervix
false
the dog only has one accessory sex gland named
prostate
cell division that produces basic repro cells such as ova and spermatozoa is called mitosis
false
thermoregulation of the testicles is achieved by what mechanism?
cremaster muscle
which of the following broad ligaments supports the uterus?
mesometrium
dogs are considered to be diestrus?
true
