AOS2 Flashcards
Early Colonisation Time Period
1788-1859
Pre Federation Time Period
1860-1900
Post Federation Time Period
1901-1990
Early Colonisation Perceptions
Worthship, worship, fear, opportunity,
Worthship
Land was valued according to whether it could be farmed, mined, fished or logged.
Worship
The environment is viewed as something pleasant that can be enjoyed, however, it is not in any way part of you or your life. Land or nature is perceived to be of value if it looks good.
Early Colonisation Interactions
Land clearing, whaling and sealing
Farming (early colonisation)
- Lt James Grant arrived in 1801 and had his men clear an area on Churchill Island where he planted a variety of crops and vegetables
- Mchaffie brothers rented Phillip Island on lease in 1842 where they brought cattle across for farming. They cleared dense tea scrub by lighting a fire that burned for several days
Sealing and Whaling (early colonisation)
- 1826 sealing and whaling occured with over 1 million being taken and by 1830’s most seals had been destroyed and industry died off
Early Colonisation Impacts
- Stopping cultural burning
- Forest clearing
- Introduced species
- Contaminated and changed waterways
Pre Federation Perceptions
- Environment as a resource
- Environment in danger
Environment as a resource
Massive extraction from the
land, which was used to profit the entire population
Environment in danger
Increasing populations - increased
pressures on the environment (soon after came the need to preserve and protect environments).
Pre Federation Interactions
- At Phillip Island, people began building more efficient equipment and larger infrastructure.
-Practices such as farming occurred but on a much larger scale - more land was being destroyed as more and more people were setting up on farms. - The Industrialisation period brought chicory farming, and the production of the chicory root
- Toursim increased due to discovery of little penguins
Pre Federation Impacts
- Land clearing and deforestation
- Increasing urbanisation
- More erosion
- Decreasing health of rivers with excessive use of water
- Positive effects of first national park
Post Federation Perceptions
- Australia seen as a blank canvas
- Strong desire to create a strong, prosperous nation
- Recreation in environments led to greater appreciation for it
Post Federation Interactions
- First bridge to Phillip Island was built in 1939
- Residents began to take tourists by torchlight to see the little penguins nightly arrival on beach in summerland peninsula
- Road network developed considerably
- People began recreate more frequently with intro of shorter working week
- Motor car meant people could get to outdoor location easier increasing interaction with outdoor environment
Post Federation Impacts
- protection strategies for the little penguin population. - in 1930’s 4 hectares of land was given to protect little penguins. This had a positive impact on the environment during this time.
- Increasing tourism had a negative impact on the environment
Environmental movements motivations
- Economic
- Identity and Nationalism
Economic motivations
Conservation for human benefits and prosperity rather for conservation of the environment
Identity and Nationalism Motivations
Through practice in more leisure time, people wanted to start protecting beautiful environments
The Wilderness Society
“TWS is a national, community-based, environmental advocacy organisation whose purpose is protecting, promoting and restoring wilderness and natural
processes across Australia for the survival and ongoing evolution of life on Earth”
Franklin River Protests
Protests to stop the damming of the Franklin river
Franklin River 1978
- Tasmanian Hydro-Electric-Commison announced plans to dam Franklin River
- Tasmanian society polarised 70% for and 30% very vocal and agaisnt
- TWS starts publicity program to raise awareness
Franklin River 1980
- June 1980 - 10 000 people marched through the streets of Hobart in protest
- Labor Premier Doug Lowe proposed modified version to plans
Franklin River 1981
- December 1981 Tasmanian referendum 47% voted for original, 8% modified and 45% informally
Franklin River 1982
- Pro-dam liberal premier Robin Gray elected ordering construction to proceed
- In federal parliament senate inquiry proceeded into what responsiblities government had to protect the area
- Bob Brown announced a blockade of dam construction 2500 people showed up and 1200 were arrested
Franklin River 1983
- 1983 Liberal Malcom Fraser lost election to Labor Bob Hawke
- Bob Hawke vowed to stop dam and introdcued legislation to make Franklin River a World Heritage Sight
- Robin Grays government ignored the ruling
- Issue brought to high court and was ruled that federal government was in its constitutional right to protect Franklin Environment
- Construction of the dam ended
Franklin River effects on politics
- Dr Brown elected to Tasmanian Parliament
- Bob Hawke recognised the electoral power of environmental movements
- In 1986 Brown with a group of 4 other politicians formed Tasmanian Greens party
- In 1992 NSW, TAS and QLD greens parties agreed to form national greens party led by Bob Brown
