AOS Sac 1 (B4)

Question 1

Smoking description

Answer 1

• generally, relates to the use of
  tobacco but can also include
  marijuana and other drugs
• smoking rates have generally fallen
• number 1 preventable and
  modifiable risk factor
• second and third hand smoke issue
• rates for males and females similar

Question 2

Smoking on CVD

Answer 2

• tobacco smoke reduces oxygen in blood contributing to increased blood pressure and heart rate
• tobacco smoke speeds up process of atherosclerosis (build up of plaque in blood vessels) –
  increases risk heart attack & stroke – higher mortality rates from these conditions
• chemicals in tobacco smoke – thickens blood – more likely to form blood clots – stroke & heart
  attack

Question 3

Smoking on cancer

Answer 3

• smoking cause fault in body cells as divide – lead to tumour – cancer

Question 4

Smoking on respiratory conditions

Answer 4

• exposure to tobacco in early life increases risk of developing asthma. This is mainly non-fatal
  outcomes

Question 5

Smoking Prenatal and infant health outcomes

Answer 5

• smoking during pregnancy reduces blood flow to baby, reduces nutrients – increases risk of LBW.
  Babies more likely to have underdeveloped immune system – more susceptible to infections. More
  likely to suffer premature death – contributes to infant and uner-5 mortality rates

Question 6

Vaping description

Answer 6

use of e-cigarette

• chemicals similar to cigarettes –
  nicotine, formaldehyde – carcinogen

*significant increase in rates of
vaping

Question 7

Smoking on back problems

Answer 7

• smoking reduces blood flow to cells including those in spine. The discs that
  protect the vertebrae have lower access to nutrients and oxygen – degradation and
  pain

Question 8

Alcohol and cancer

Answer 8

alcohol metabolised a chemical created that can damage DNA and lead to cancerous tumours. Increases mortality and morbidity and reduces LE

Question 9

Smoking + Vaping on risk of infection

Answer 9

• Exposure to tobacco smoke -> lower immune function + increase the risk of
  contracting infectious diseases e.g. upper respiratory tract infections +
  pneumonia

*Children exposed to tobacco smoke
-> susceptible to infections (upper respiratory tract infections) that contribute to morbidity rates and YLD among younger age groups.

Question 10

Alcohol o+o

Answer 10

alcohol contains energy.

Over time alcohol use can contribute to a person becoming overweight or obese – risk factor range of health conditions: T2D, CVD, some cancers

Question 11

Alcohol + liver disease

Answer 11

Alcohol filtered through liver.

Excessive consumption -> inflammation + scarring of liver tissue –> liver doesn’t function properly + toxins remain in body- over time -> cirrhosis of liver

Question 12

Alcohol + injuries

Answer 12

• behaviour of those affected by alcohol – > put strain on relationships – > mental health issues –> higher
  rates of suicide and self-harm and depression
• those under influence of alcohol – risk taking behaviours –> drink driving, aggressive behaviour –> increased morbidity and mortality from injury and violence

Question 13

Alcohol and prenatal health outcomes

Answer 13

alcohol consumption while pregnant –> increases risk of premature birth, LBW and FASD

Question 14

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) and smoking

Answer 14

• COPD includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema – reduced air flow into lungs
  -> limited ability to utilise oxygen due to damaged lung tissue

Tobacco smoke -> cause inflammation of airways and destroy air sacs in lungs -> contributes to COPD

Question 15

Maternal health conditions

Answer 15

O + O pregnant women -> more susceptible to a range of pregnancy related conditions e.g. high blood pressure + gestational diabetes.

Question 16

Dairy description

Answer 16

• relate to animal milk and products
  such as yogurt and cheese
• soy and almond milk not
  technically a type of dairy (plant-based)

Question 17

Dairy and osteoporosis

Answer 17

contains calcium – >strengthening of bones and prevent osteoporosis

disease such as menopause –> weak, porous bones – >fracture – increases morbidity rates and YLDs

Question 18

Under-consumption of dairy foods – type 2 diabetes

Answer 18

If you consume refined sugars instead of milk and other dairy products -> overweight and obesity – > Increased prevalence of T2D

Question 19

Calcium and dental carries

Answer 19

calcium has a significant role in hardening of tooth enamel.

Under consumption –> teeth not as strong -> increasing risk of dental caries

Question 20

Fats definition

Answer 20

Lipids + could be used as fuel for energy

Question 21

Different type of fats

Answer 21

High density lipoproteins: Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated (healthy)

Low density Lipoprotein: Satured and trans Fats (unhealthy)

Question 22

Mono food sources

Answer 22

Avocado, olive oil and unsalted nuts

Question 23

Polyunsaturated food sources

Answer 23

fish, Soybeans and chia seeds

Question 24

Saturated

Answer 24

Processed meats e.g. processed sausages and deep fried foods e.g. deep fried chicken

Question 25

Trans

Answer 25

Processed baked goods e.g. Cakes and Packaged snacks e.g. chips

Question 26

LDL Fats on CVD

Answer 26

too much LDLs in blood -> deposited on walls of arteries + allows other substances e.g. calcium to embed into arteries – > hardening of arteries – > atherosclerosis – > underlying factor for coronary heart disease and stroke saturated and trans fats – > increase LDLs -> coronary heart disease * trans fats –> decrease levels of HDLs –> risk of heart disease and stroke

Question 27

HDL on cvd

Answer 27

HDLs – slows down process of atherosclerosis + reduce levels of LDLs * poly –> help increase HDLs + reduce blood clots and inflammation – > reduces risk of heart disease and stroke

Question 28

Fat on crc

Answer 28

high-fat diet causes digestive system to become inflamed –> increased cell division and risk of cancer

Question 29

Sugar defintion

Answer 29

type of carbohydrate found naturally in some foods (fruit + honey) but can also be added to many processed foods (lollies, soft drinks)

Question 30

High-intake sugar on O + O

Answer 30

sugars are fuel for body –> if consumed in excess it's stored as adipose (fat) tissue -> weight gain and overweight and obesity

Question 31

Salt definition

Answer 31

Main component of salt is sodium * High-income countries –> Use LDL –> processed foods e.g. Mcdonalds and USA

Question 32

High salt intake and osteoporosis

Answer 32

excess sodium is filtered through kidneys -> calcium often excreted in urine -> demineralisation of bones -> osteoporosis

Question 33

High intake of sugar– dental caries and dental disease

Answer 33

* sugars provide food source for bacteria in mouth –> produce acids –> decay of tooth enamel and development of dental caries –> morbidity among children * if left untreated –> disease such as periodontitis –> inflammation and infection of tissues that support teeth. In long term – >loosening and loss of teeth

Question 34

High intake of fat – type 2 diabetes

Answer 34

* diet high in saturated and trans fats – >change structure of cell membrane –> interferes transport of glucose into cells –> lead to impaired glucose regulation and T2D

Question 35

Salt and CVD

Answer 35

* increased blood volume + hypertension forces heart to work harder – > if heart cannot keep with demand -> heart failure * hypertension associated with excess sodium intake contributes to higher rates of stroke and heart attack