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Psychology > AOS 4 - Mental health > Flashcards

AOS 4 - Mental health Flashcards

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1
Q

mental health

A

a state of wellbeing in which an individual realises his or her own abilities can cope with the normal stresses of life can work productively, & is able to make a contribution to his or her community

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2
Q

mentally healthy

A

means being in a generally positive state of mental wellbeing, having the ability to cope with & manage life’s challenges, working productively, striving to fulfill one’s goals and potential

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3
Q

mental health problem

A

adversely affects the way a person thinks, feels, and/or behaves, but typically to a lesser extent & of a shorter duration than a mental disorder

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4
Q

mental disorder

A

a mental health state that involves a combination of thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors which are usually associated with significant personal distress & impair the ability to function effectively in everyday life

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5
Q

characteristics of a mental disorder

A
  • significantly impairs functioning in everyday life
  • disorder occurs within the individual
  • clinically diagnosable dysfunction
  • actions atypical of a person
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6
Q

biopsychosocial model

A

a way of describing how biological, psychological & social factors combine & interact to influence a person’s mental health

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7
Q

biological

A
  • genes
  • gender
  • NS activity
  • immune system
  • hormones
  • substance use
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8
Q

psychological

A
  • thoughts
  • belies & attitudes
  • personality traits
  • perceptions
  • emotions
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9
Q

social

A
  • interpersonal relationships
  • social support
  • lifestyle
  • social stigma
  • access to health care
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10
Q

makes someone mentally healthy - high levels of functioning

A
  • interpersonal relationships (can interact & get along with others)
  • social/occupation settings
  • leisure activities
    -daily living skills
  • cognitive skills
  • emotions
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11
Q

functioning

A

refers to how well an individual independently performs in their environment

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12
Q

makes someone mentally healthy - high-level of social wellbeing

A
  • develop & maintain healthy relationships
  • socially interact with others appropriately
  • respect others
  • competently resolve conflicts with others
  • feel self-confident around others
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13
Q

social wellbeing

A

is based on the ability to have satisfying relationships & interactions with others

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14
Q

makes someone mentally healthy - high level of emotional wellbeing

A
  • develop an awareness of emotions
  • regulate emotions & exceed control
  • express a range of emotions
  • identify emotions in others
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15
Q

emotional wellbeing

A

is based on their ability to control emotions & express them appropriately & comfortably

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16
Q

resilience

A

the ability to cope with & adapt well to life stressors & restore positive functioning

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17
Q

ethical implications - informed consent

A

many mental disorders are associated with one or more impairments that can adversely affect the ability to provide informed consent. This is as the presence of mental health disorders can interfere as may prevent them from fully understanding

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18
Q

ethical implications - use of placebos

A

placebos raise the ethical issue of their having been knowingly & intentionally denied access to treatment that they are likely to need & from which they could benefit & are therefore allowed to remain unwell

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19
Q

4P factor model

A

describes 4 types of influences that contribute to the development & progression of mental health disorders

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20
Q

risk factor

A

any characteristic or event that increases the likelihood of the development of or progression of a mental disorder

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21
Q

protective factor

A

any characteristic or event that reduces the likelihood of the occurrence or recurrence of a mental disorder either on its own or when risk factors are present

bio - adequate sleep & diet
psycho - self esteem,
social - support from family

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22
Q

predisposing risk factor

A

increases susceptibility to a specific mental disorder & increases the likelihood of the development of the disorder

bio - genetic vulnerability
psycho- personality traits
- social - surrounded by toxic friendships

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23
Q

precipitating risk factors

A

increases susceptibility to & contributes to the occurrence of specific mental disorder

bio - poor sleep
psycho - stress
social - loss of a significant relationship

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24
Q

perpetuating risk factor

A

maintains the occurrence of a specific mental disorder & inhibits recovery

bio - poor response to medication
psycho - unsupportive work environment
social - lives alone

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25
Q

biological risk factor - genetic vulnerability

A

means having. risk for developing a specific mental disorder due to 1 or more factors associated with genetic inheritance

schizophrenia = large gentic vulnerability

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26
Q

biological risk factor - poor response to medication

A

means having little to no reduction in the number or severity of symptoms despite taking medication prescribed

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27
Q

biological risk factor - poor sleep

A
  • a significant number of ppl report poor sleep prior or following the onset of a mental disorder
  • relationship is bi-directional as poor sleep may contribute to mental disorder, or mental disorder may cause poor sleep
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28
Q

biological risk factor - substance use

A

refers to the legal or illegal consumption of drugs or other products

  • bi-directional does substance use cause mental disorder or does a mental disorder cause substance use
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29
Q

psychological risk factors

A

either originate or develop within their mind which means there’s often the potential to extert some control over their occurrence or influence

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30
Q

psychological risk factors - rumination

A

repeatedly thinking about or dwelling on undesirable thoughts & feelings such as problems or bad moods without acting to change them

31
Q

psychological risk factors - impaired reasoning

A

involves goal directed thinking in which the inferences are made are assumed facts or pieces of information

  • as ppl with mental disorders suffer form delusions they struggle to probabilistically reason & thus jump to conclusions
32
Q

psychological risk factors - impaired memory

A
  • people with schizophrenia usually have some degree of both STM & LTM loss
  • episodic memory impairment contributes to key symptoms of schizophrenia such as disorganised behaviour & impairments in day to day functioning
33
Q

psychological risk factors - stress

A

the risk of developing a disorder varies in relation to the combined effects of individuals level of vulnerability the levels of stress experiences & ability to cope

34
Q

psychological risk factors - poor self-efficacy

A

individual’s belief in their capacity to execute behaviors necessary to succeed in a specific situation

ppl with poor SE
- believes stressors are unmanageable
- shy away from complex tasks
- more likely to dwell on personal deficiencies

35
Q

social risk factors

A

for mental disorders originate in the external enviroment & interact with biological & psychological factors in influencing our mental health state

36
Q

social risk factors - disorganized attachement

A

characterised by inconsistent or contradictory behaviour patterns in the presence of a primary caregiver

  • disorganised attachment can result in anxiety & inner turmoil that becomes a risk factor, people with DA may struggle to form relationships, have trust issues
37
Q

social risk factors - loss of significant relationship

A

loss of relationships that contain elements such as attachment, love, interdependence can have serious consequences for a person experiencing that loss, loss of significant relationship amongst vulnerable ppl can lead to depression

38
Q

social risk factors - stigma

A

means a mark or sign of shame typically associated with a particular characteristic that sets someone apart

  • can act as a barrier to treatment
39
Q

social risk factors - social stigma

A

refers to any aspect of an individual’s identity that’s devalued in a social context, involving any attitudes, beliefs & behaviour that motivate people to exclude & reject ppl with a mental disorder

40
Q

social risk factors - self-stigma

A

refers to the stigmatising views that individuals hold about themselves. people with mental disorders accept negative attitudes held by others & internalise it

41
Q

cumulative risk

A

the aggreagate ( increasing) risk to mental health from the combined effects of exposure to multiple biological, psychological and social risk factors

42
Q

stress

A

is a state of psychological & physiological arousal produced by internal or external stressors that are perceived by the individual as challenging or exceeding their ability or resources to cope

43
Q

anxiety

A

a state of physiological arousal associated with feelings of apprehension, worry, or uneasiness that something bad is going to happen

44
Q

phobia

A

is characterised by excessive or unreasonable fear or a particular object or situation

45
Q

(p) bio contributing factor - gaba dysfunction

A

the failure to produce, release or receive the correct amount of GABA needed to regulate neurotransmission in the brain

  • if GABA production significantly lower than required than the excitatory activity of glutamate & other neurotransmitters that contribute to anxiety & excessive flight fight sympathetic NS cannot be counterbalanced
46
Q

(p) bio contributing factor - role of the stress response

A

because there’s a percieved threat or impending harm @ the sight/thought of phobia stimulus, the FFF response is activated, heart rate increases, adrenaline surges
- these types of reactions account for many of symptoms caused by phobia anxiety

47
Q

(p) bio contributing factor -long-term potentiation

A

the long lasting strengthening of synaptic ocnnection, resulting in more effective neurotransmission

  • LTP can neurologically strengthen the association between a phobic stimulus & a fear or anxiety response through its activity at the synapse
48
Q

(p) psychological behavioural contributing factor - precipitation by classical conditioning

A

the development of phobias through CC is essentially when a stimulus with no particular significance (NS or UCS) becomes by association a sign of impending danger/threat (CR) thus naturally occurring UCR become a conditioned fear response

49
Q

(p) psychological behavioural contributing factor - perpetuation by operant conditioning

A

after acquisition through CC phobia can be maintained through operant
- begin to avoid phobic stimulus, avoidance reduces or removes the unpleasant feelings of fear so it’s negatively reinforced
- any avoidance response to any phobic stimulus will continue to be reinforced through operant conditioning

50
Q

(p) psychological cognitive contributing factor - memory bias

A

refers to the distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs & feelings on the recollection of previous experiences

focus on the negative threatening info not the positive or neutral

51
Q

(p) psychological behavioral contributing factor - catastrophic thinking

A

a thinking style that involves overestimating or exaggerating or magnifying an object or situation & predicting the worst possible outcome

52
Q

(p) social contributing factor - specific environmental triggers

A

many ppl with a phobia report having a direct negative experience with a particular phobic stimulus in their past which they attribute as ‘cause’ of phobia

53
Q

(p) social contributing factor - stigma around seeking treatment

A

all specific phobias are based on fears that are by definition, irrational, this is 1 reason why it can be difficult to understand or empathise with ppl who have them
- failure to seek treatment can perpetuate a phobia

54
Q

(p) biological intervening factor - use of benzodiazepines

A

a group of drugs that work on the CNS acting selectively on GABA receptors in the brain to increase GABA’s inhibitory effects

  • relieve symptoms of anxiety by reducing physiological arousal & promoting relaxation
  • agonists
55
Q

(p) biological intervening factor - relaxation, excercise

A
  • promotes relaxation
  • distraction from far/anxiety stimulus
  • coping with stress & associated physical reactions
  • promotes release of endorphins
56
Q

(p) psychological intervening factor - cognitive behavioral therapy

A

changes thouhgts & behaviours that perpetuate the phobia & improves coping skills

cognitive. = individuals are encouraged. tolook @ facts & evidence about phobic stimulus

behavioural - could include breathing retraining, exercise

57
Q

(p) psychological intervening factor - systematic intervention

A

a kind of behaviour therapy that aims to replace an anxiety response with a relaxation response when an individual with a specific phobia encounters a fear stimulus.

58
Q

(p) psychological intervening factor - systematic intervention steps

A
  1. teach individual relaxation techniques
  2. breaking down stimulus into least to most axniety producing
  3. systematic,, gradual pairing of items in hierarchy with relaxation working through hierarchy one step @ a time
59
Q

(p) social intervening factor - family psychoeducation

A

the production & explanation of info about a mental disorder to individuals diagnosed with the disorder to increase understanding of their disorder & how to great it

60
Q

what makes someone resilient

A
  • ability to achieve positive results in adverse situations
  • ability to function competently in situations of acute or chronic stress
  • ability to recover from trauma
61
Q

protective factors

A

maintain or improve mental health

62
Q

biological protective factor - adequate diet

A

important to proper body fucntioning, reduces risk of physical health problems, but can also help with sleep, mood energy & mental health

63
Q

biological protective factor - adequate sleep

A

tends to be more about waking up feeling rested, refreshed & ready for day & feeling positive about ourselves & ability

inadequate - irritable, slower to react, over react

64
Q

psychological protective factor - CB strategies

A

receiving a low mark (event) - this was a difficult task i know i can do better (thought) - disappointed, more optimistic (feelings) - try harder (behavior)

65
Q

social protective factor - support from family/friends/community

A

the assistance, care or empathy provided by ppl to each other

66
Q

transtheoretical model

A

a stage-based model. behavior change that describes & explains how people intentionally change their behavior to achieve health-related goals

67
Q

transtheoretical model - pre-contemplation (1)

A

not ready for change, has no intention to take action within the next 6 months

68
Q

transtheoretical model - contemplation (2)

A

getting ready for change considering pros & cons, intends to take action within next 6 months

69
Q

transtheoretical model - preparation (3)

A

ready for change, intends to take action within the next 30 days & has done some behavioral steps towards this

70
Q

transtheoretical model - action (4)

A

making change, has changed overt behavior for less than 6 months

71
Q

transtheoretical model - maintenance (5)

A

maintaining change, has changed overt behaviour for more than 6 months

72
Q

transtheoretical model - strengths

A
  • can be used for simple behaviors (nail biting) or complex behaviors (addiction)
  • change is a process not just 1 step
  • allows for setbacks
73
Q

transtheoretical model - limitations

A
  • because everyone transitions through stages differently it’s hard to use as a model for treatment
  • lack of research to justify the relevance or validity of time frames specified in model
74
Q

cumulative risk models

A

additive models - number of risk factors increase corresponding increase to developing a mental disorder

threshold models - risk of developing mental disorder is much more likely after exposure to a number of simultaneously occurring risk factors

Psychology (6 decks)

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