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Psychology > AOS 3 - How do levels of consciousness affect mental processes & behaviour > Flashcards

AOS 3 - How do levels of consciousness affect mental processes & behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

psychological construct

A
  1. info provided by individual
  2. behavior that’s demonstrated
  3. psychological changes that can be measured (heart rate)
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2
Q

consciousness

A

can be defined as our awareness of objects & events in the external world & of our sensations, mental experiences & own experience at any given moment

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3
Q

consciousness is

A
  • personal
  • continuous
  • changing
  • selective
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4
Q

consciousness across a continuum

A 
TOTAL AWARENESS
focus attention 
normal wakefulness
daydreaming
meditative state
hypnotized
asleep
anesthetized
come
COMPLETE LACK OF AWARENESS
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5
Q

normal waking consciousness

A

NWC refers to the states of consciousness associated with being awake & aware of objects & events in the external world & of one’s sensations, mental experiences & own existence

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6
Q

altered state of consciousness

A

are any state of consciousness that’s distinctly different from NWC in terms of the level of awareness & experience

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7
Q

naturally occurring & induced ASCs

A

sleep, daydreaming - natural

mediation, head trauma-induced

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8
Q

attention

A

a concentration of mental activity that involves focusing on a specific stimulus while ignoring & thus excluding other stimuli

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9
Q

selective attention

A

involves choosing & attending to a specific stimulus to the exclusion of others

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10
Q

divided attention

A

refers to the ability to distribute our attention & undertake 2 or more activities simultaneously

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11
Q
  1. control limitations
A
  • in NWC we’re able to exercise some control over what enters our consciousness, we can block our awareness of info that makes us sad,angry
  • during ASC we don’t have control over what enters our consciousness, dreams
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12
Q
  1. controlled process
A

involves conscious alert awareness & mental effort in which the individual actively focuses their attention on a particular goal

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13
Q
  1. automatic processes
A

an automatic process requires little conscious awareness & mental effort, minimal attention & doesn’t interfere with the performance of other activities

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14
Q
  1. perceptual & cognitive distortions
A
  • an ASC can make someone more receptive to external stimuli or dulls them to such an extent they’re not experienced at all
  • Cognitive functioning also tends to be impaired in an ASC, thought processes are often more disorganized
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15
Q
  1. emotional awareness
A
  • ASCs appear to sometimes put an individual’s feelings into a state of turmoil, resulting in uncharacteristic responses, some people resort feel emotionless
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16
Q
  1. self-control
A
  • changes in our ability to maintain self-control evident in ASC
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17
Q
  1. time orientation
A

estimation of time is frequently distorted in an ASC, and seems to pass at a different speed than normal

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18
Q
  1. measurement of physiological responses
A

enables researchers to obtain data on bodily changes & responses during various states of consciousness

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19
Q

EEG

A

is a device that detects, amplifies & records general patterns of the electrical activity of the brain over time. frequency & amplitude

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20
Q

beta waves

A

associated with alertness & intensive mental activity, associated with NWC. high frequency, low amplitude

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21
Q

alpha waves

A

associated with physical relaxation, internally focsued, eyes closed. medium/high frequency & low amplitude

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22
Q

frequency & amplitude

A

frequency - refers to the number of brain waves per second

amplitude - refers to the intensity of brain waves & can be measured through peaks & troughs usually seen in an EEG

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23
Q

theta waves

A

associated with drowsiness, falling asleep just before waking, and deep meditation. medium frequency some low and high amplitude waves

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24
Q

delta waves

A

associated with deep dreamless sleep, low frequency, high amplitude

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25
Q

fastest - slowest activity

A

beta
alpha
theta
delta

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26
Q

drug

A

any substance that can change a person’s physical and/or mental functioning certain types of drugs can induce an ASC & changes in brain wave patterns

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27
Q

factors affecting depressants & stimulants affect

A
  • type
  • dose & strength
  • personal characteristics
  • methods of administration
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28
Q

stimulants

A

drugs that increase activity in the CNS & the rest of the body, thus have an alerting, activating affect

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29
Q

brain wave patterns due to stimulants

A
  • increase in higher frequency activity

- increased beta waves, decreased delta, alpha and theta

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30
Q

depressants

A

drugs that decrease activity in the CNS & rest of the body

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31
Q

brain wave patterns due to depressants

A

increase in lower frequency activity reduced beta waves & increased delta, theta & alpha

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32
Q

EMG

A

used. to detect, amplify & record the electrical activity of muscles. EMG recordings generally show the strength if electrical activity occurring in the muscles, indicating muscles activity

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33
Q

EOG

A

measures eye movements of eye positions by detecting, amplifying & recording electrical activity in eye muscles that control eye movements

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34
Q
  1. measurement of speed & accuracy on cognitive tasks
A

speed & accuracy are tested are 2 commonly tested objective measures when completing cognitive tasks

35
Q
  1. subjective reporting of consciousness - sleep diaries
A
  • a self-report is the participant’s written or spoken responses to questions, statements,s or instructions presented by the researcher considered to be subjective
  • sleep diaries are often used in the study of sleep, a sleep diary is a self-reported record of an individual’s sleep and waking time activities
36
Q
  1. video monitoring
A

most commonly used in the study of sleep & sleep disturbances or disorders. responses that may be recorded - change in body position, amount of tossing.

37
Q

sleep

A

sleep is defined as a reversible behavioral state of perceptual disengagement from & unresponsive to the environment.

38
Q

circadian rhythm

A

involves changes in bodily functions or activities that occur as part of a cycle within a duration of about 24 hours, daily human sleep-wake cycle

39
Q

the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A
  • light is the main cue that influences sleep-wake. area of the hypothalamus called SCN receives info about the amount of light & adjusts the sleep-wake cycle accordingly
  • does this by sending messages to the pineal gland to secrete more or less of the hormone melatonin.
  • when less light more melatonin is secreted = greater drowsiness
40
Q

ultradian rhythms

A

involves changing in bodily functions or activities that occur as part of a cycle shorter than 24 hours, stages of sleep

41
Q

stage 1 - NREM

A

occurs as drift into sleep, gradually lose awareness, may occur after REM sleep after arousal, from stages 2 - 4

  • decrease in heart rate, body temp
  • regular theta waves, mix with alpha waves
  • 5 mins on average
  • 5% of sleep time
42
Q

stage 2 - NREM

A

period of light sleep & is usually seen as the point of ; truly sleep’, less easily disturbed than stage 1

  • predominately theta waves
  • 10 - 25 mins, lengthens in each cycle
  • 45 - 55% of sleep time
43
Q

stage 3 - NREM

A

start of the deepest period of sleep, blood pressure & body temp continue to drop, and lack of eye movement

  • delta waves about 20 - 50%
  • a few mins - 10 mins
  • 3 - 8% sleep time
44
Q

stage. 4 - NREM

A

the deepest stage of sleep, muscles completely relaxed

  • delta waves more than 50%
  • 20 - 40 mins in the first cycle, shorter & nonexistent in later cycles
  • 10 - 15% of sleep time
45
Q

REM sleep

A

characterized by spontaneous bursts of rapid eye movement where the eyes dart back and forth, heart rate faster, body temp rises, most dreaming occurs

  • brain waves rapid, irregular mixed frequency activity
  • 1 - 5 mins first cycle, 12 - 15 mins second cycle, 20 - 25 mins later
  • 20 - 25% of sleep
46
Q

restoration theory

A

purposes that sleep provides ‘time & out’ to help us recover from depleting activities during the waking time that uses up the body’s physical & mental resources

47
Q

restorative functions of NREM sleep

A

important for restoring & repairing the body, physical growth, and tissue repair during stages 3 & 4

48
Q

restorative functions of REM sleep

A

suggested to play an important part in brain development at a time when the brain is less occupied with the mental processes of everyday life (infant)
also linked with the consolidation of new memories

49
Q

REM rebound

A

catching up on lost REM sleep immediately following a period of lost REM sleep by spending more time in it than usual

50
Q

Evolutionary (circadian) theory

A

proposes that sleep evolved to enhance survival by protecting an organism by making it inactive during the part of the day when it’s most risky to move about

51
Q

proportions of NREM & REM sleep across the lifespan

A

amount of light sleep consistent from ages 5 - 85 but the amount of deep sleep markedly decreases by old age

52
Q

newborns & infants

A
  • birth - 2 months - sleep onset may occur at any time & sleep episodes may last from 30 mins to 4 hrs, approx 50% REM sleep
  • 2 - 3 months - experience longer periods of wakefulness in the daytime, longer night sleeps
  • 6 months - 5 - 8 hrs a night
  • 12 months - 14 - 15 hrs a day
53
Q

young children

A

total sleep time decreases from 13 - 11 hrs between 2 & 5

REM sleep decreases NREM sleep increases

54
Q

adolescents

A

total sleep decreases as does REM.

within NREM sleep stages 3 - 4 decline, stage 2 increases, and by late adolescence amount of deep sleep decreased by 40%

55
Q

adults

A

average 8 hrs, 20 - 25% REM

- by age 60 severe reduction of stages 3 - 4

56
Q

circadian rhythm phase disorders

A

a group of sleep disorders involving sleep disruption that’s primarily due to a mismatch between an individual sleep-wake cycle & the pattern that’s desired or required

57
Q

sleep-wake cycle shift in adolescence

A

during adolescence timing of melatonin secretion that induces sleep onset peaks later, so adolescents are sleepier 1 - 2 hrs later

  • typically likely to exert independence
  • increase demand for socializing
  • increase demand to study, work
58
Q

sleep debt

A

sleep that’s ‘owed’ & needs to be made up because daily sleep requirements haven’t been met

59
Q

shift work

A

a type of work schedule designed to meet the demands of a 24/7 society
- permanent night shift workers complain of sleepiness, poor quality of sleep

60
Q

jet lag

A

a sleep disorder due to a disturbance to the circadian sleep-wake cycle caused by rapid travel across multiple time zones

61
Q

sleep deprivation

A

is a general term to describe a state caused by an inadequate quantity or quality of sleep either voluntary or involuntary

62
Q

partial sleep deprivation

A

involves having less sleep than what’s normally required can occur periodically or persistently over the short-term or long term

63
Q

total sleep deprivation

A

involves not having any sleep at all over a short-term or long-term period of time

64
Q

affective (emotional) functioning - effects of PSD

A
  • a strong link between sleep deprivation & loss of ability to control emotions
  • amplified emotional responses
  • harder to accurately judge others’ emotions
  • may feel provoked
65
Q

behavioral functioning - effective sleepiness

A
  • during daytime
  • difficult in maintaining an alert state
  • lack of energy
66
Q

behavioral functioning - sleep interia

A

performance impairment that occurs immediately after awakening. the individual usually feels groggy and disoriented as they transition to being fully awake

  • reaction times slow
  • motor alertness low
67
Q

behavioral functioning - microsleep

A

a brief period of sleep, lasting up to a few seconds

  • a person usually has a fixed gaze
  • may remain sitting or standing
  • between 1 - 10 secs
68
Q

cognitive functioning - PSD

A
  • reduced ability to divide attention
  • more likely to think illogically
  • difficulty solving problems with creative thinking
  • overlook details
69
Q

sleep disturbance

A

used to refer to any sleep-related problem that disrupts an individual’s normal sleep-wake cycle

70
Q

primary sleep disorder

A

is a sleep disorder that cannot be attributed to another condition such as a mental disorder to mental problem. the disorder itself is the main cause of disruption to the sleep-wake cycle

71
Q

secondary sleep disorder

A

involves a sleep problem that’s a byproduct of our results from another condition. this could include back pain, breathing problem, anxiety or depression

72
Q

dyssomnia - sleep onset insomnia

A

used to refer specifically to difficulty falling asleep at the usual sleep time but can usually sleep through the night once they’re asleep

73
Q

insomnia

A

a sleep disorder that typically involves persistent difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep

74
Q

symptoms - sleep onset insomnia

A
  • occurs at least 3 times a week
  • complaints of poor quality sleep
  • not due to another sleep disorder
75
Q

effects on sleep-wake cycle - sleep onset insomnia

A
  • a common complaint that sleep occurs later than desired
  • anxious, frustrated
  • difficulty waking in the morning
76
Q

sleepwalking

A

involves getting up from bed & walking about or performing other behaviors while asleep, actions may vary in type complexity & duration

77
Q

sleepwalking behaviors

A
  • eyes usually open
  • may walk towards stimulus
  • not be remembered usually
78
Q

effects on sleep-wake cycle - sleepwalking

A
  • typically occurs during the first 3rd of a sleep episode
  • difficult to wake someone
  • daytime fatigue
79
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy

A

a type of psychotherapy that combines cognitive & behavioral therapies to treat mental health problems & disorders

80
Q

cognitive component - before CBT

A
  • ‘It’s already 2 am, I’m never going to fall asleep
  • anxiety
  • inadequate sleep quantity & quality
81
Q

cognitive component - after CBT

A
  • ‘Although I’m not sleepy now, I’ll fall asleep when my body is ready
  • less anxiety
  • more likely to fall asleep
82
Q

behavioral component

A
  1. stimulus control therapy - begin to associate bed with falling asleep not with anxiety & stress
  2. sleep hygiene education involves providing info about practices that tend to improve and maintain good sleep & full daytime alertness
83
Q

bright light therapy

A

involves timed exposure of the eyes to intense but safe amounts of light

Psychology (6 decks)

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