AOS 2 BABY

Question 1

Define Sovereignty

Answer 1

> The legitimate or widely recognised ability to exercise effective control of a territory within recognised borders. This is the primary organising principle of global politics, providing states with the authority to represent their territorial entity within the international community. State sovereignty can be challenged internally (for example, secessionist groups) or externally (for example, one state invades another).

Question 2

Define National Interests

Answer 2

The national interests of a state are pursued to ensure the survival and potential growth of that state. States implement policies and types of [power to achieve their national interests and maintain state sovereignty.]

Question 3

Define Power

Answer 3

Refers to the ability of one global actor to influence the actions of another global actor. Power can be exercised in a range of types.

Question 4

Define Security

Answer 4

Traditionally this term refers to the protection of a state’s borders from intruders and the maintenance of sovereignty, most commonly achieved through the use of military power. It has now evolved to include softer forms of security, such as access to resources and the protection of the environment.

Question 5

Define Idealism

Answer 5

> Refers to a school of thought in which policy is influenced primarily by an ideological principle, as opposed to practical and pragmatic considerations.

Question 6

Define Pragmatism

Answer 6

A school of thought in which policy is influenced primarily by practical considerations, as opposed to a particular ideology.

Question 7

Define Realism

Answer 7

when you’re a dickhead, and only care about yourself (opposite of cosmopolitanism)

Question 8

Define Cosmopolitanism

Answer 8

when you love taxes and supporting all your neighbours, opposite of realism

Question 9

What are the types of Power?

Answer 9

• Political power, how much power does the ruling party have over the people, what mechanisms do they have to keep running the state that they are running; Uyghur people
  
  • Diplomatic Power, relations between nations, multilateral, specific agreements, formal representatives in a government speaking to other formal representatives in governments, power is in the middle. The Chinese do not have social skills.
  • Cultural Power, super soft, such as KPOP
  • Economic Power, intimidation through threat of taking money away, think about the power dynamic between countries giving aid and the countries receiving it

Question 10

What is Hard and Soft power

Answer 10

Hard and soft power is on a spectrum, like Allan.
- Soft Power; purely through attraction with no part of intimidation or coercion
- Hard Power; intimidation through threat of state sovereignty

Question 11

What is your case study for Aid as a foreign policy instrument, Economic power, and Economic Prosperity as a national interest

Answer 11

China and BRI

Question 12

What is your case study for Trade as a Foreign Policy Instrument?

Answer 12

China and Australia

Question 13

What is your case study for International Standing and Regional Relationships as a national interest, hard power, and Military as a Foreign Policy Instrument?

Answer 13

South China Sea Skirmishes

Question 14

What is your case study for National Security as a national interest and Hard Power

Answer 14

One China and the Uyghyur people

Question 15

What is your case study for Political Power

Answer 15

Uyghur People

Question 16

What is your case study for Diplomatic Power

Answer 16

China and Russia on Ukraine, their peacemaker diplomacy

Question 17

Explain your China and Australia trade case study

Answer 17

$123B exports in 2022

Wine Tariffs (2020):
China’s Ministry of Commerce imposed tariffs of up to 212% from 0% on Australian wine in November 2020, claiming that Australia was dumping wine into the Chinese market. The move significantly impacted Australia’s wine industry, which had benefited from growing Chinese demand.

These increased tariffs directly led to more inter-China trade in terms of alcohol, leading to Baijiu, which accounts for over 90% of China’s alcohol market by volume and value, making in 2020, approximately $115 billion, more than whiskey, vodka, gin, rum, and tequila sales combined worldwide.

“The Australian government is aware of longer port processing times for Australian coal imports into China. China’s discriminatory actions are hurting Australia and they are in breach of WTO rules.” - Simon Birmingham, Australian Minister for Trade, December 2020

Question 18

Explain your One China policy case study

Answer 18

Rooted in China’s ideals stemming off of their belief in their historical rights over the territory

International Standing as a National Interest
A joint statement from 47 states in the UN “We continue to be gravely concerned about the human rights situation in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.”
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, an IGO that has 57 member states, adopted a resolution “commend[ing]” China’s efforts “in providing care to its Muslim citizens.”

National security as a National Interest
China states that they are doing this to “hardline Islamic extremism” and religious extremism

12 thousand deaths documented by Chinese historian Ethan Gutmann

Question 19

Explain your South China Sea case study

Answer 19

Pragmatically; think about the oil
Idealistically; their belief over their historical rights over the area

Economic prosperity
The SCS handles around 60% of world maritime trade
$3.37 Trillion USD in trade passed through the South China Sea in 2016

National Security
China has militarised 3 islands in the South China Sea, occupying around 20 other islands, with other things

Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. from April 2023, condemning China’s actions in the South China Sea:

“We have to defend our territorial waters and our sovereignty. It does not matter how many times they send the Coast Guard or the navy there. It is ours and we will defend it… We will not allow a single square, and maybe make it even more smaller, a single square millimeter of our maritime coastal and up to 200 kilometer rights to be trampled upon.”

Question 20

Explain your Confusciust Institutes case study

Answer 20

2023; 500 Confucius Institutes worldwide, with a presence in more than 140 countries.

“Confucius institutes provide a platform for cultural exchange and language learning” - Liu Yandong, former VP of China

“Their presence on university campuses poses a threat to free speech and intellectual integrity” - Marco Rubio, US Senator

Question 21

Explain BRI

Answer 21

Economic Power
Economic Prosperity

Economic prosperity
1 trillion USD has been put into the BRI as of the end of 2023, but has had around 19.1 trillion USD pass through in trade between China and BRI states between 2013 to 2023
Has been criticised due to ‘debt trapping’ where China has lended out loans to countries who are unable to pay back.
In the case of Sri Lanka, a port built with Chinese money called Hambantota, has been leased to China for 99 years, due to Sri Lanka being unable to pay China back.

Question 22

Explain the Buddhist stuff

Answer 22

• China hosted 5th world buddhist forum in 2018
• 3 billion dollars to Nepal so they can build a shrines and hotels