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PYB159: Alcohol and Other Drug Studies > AOD and Specific Populations > Flashcards

AOD and Specific Populations Flashcards

1
Q

What is the age range of the definition of young people?

A
  • 15–24 years (such as the Australian Burden of Disease data)
  • 12–17 years (such as the Australian Secondary Students’ Alcohol and Drug survey),
  • 10–29 years (such as the Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Services National Minimum Data Set).
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2
Q

What is the most common time for the onset of substance use?

A

Adolescence

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3
Q

Describe the trend of inhalants for young people

A
  • higher at a younger age and use decreases as age increases
  • this is an unusual trend that we don’t tend to see with other drugs
  • higher among females whereas other drugs are higher among males
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4
Q

Describe the trend of illicit drug use among young people

A
  • 14-17: decreasing
  • 18-24: increasing
  • 14+ = increasing
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5
Q

At what year does the drinking pattern/status begin to change?

A
  • In Year 10, risky drinkers sees a massive increase and shift
  • risky drinking becomes the most prominent drinking status in Year 10
  • continues to increase through the years
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6
Q

For alcohol, what group is far more likely to experience a complete absence of memory with no possibility of retrieval?

A

Young people

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7
Q

What is the difference between the drinking ability of young people and adults?

A
  • Young people can drink for longer than adults as they are less susceptible to the sedation effect
  • Final levels of GABA receptors are not reached until early adulthood -> adolescents have less GABA receptors on which alcohol can act
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8
Q

What are some treatment strategies for young people?

A
  • engagement and development of therapeutic relationships
    • protective factors, - risk factors
  • education
  • involving family and significant others
  • strengthening relationship with at least one positive adult
  • ensuring safety
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9
Q

What is the leading risk factor for older people (females: 65-84, males: 45-64)?

A

Tobacco

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10
Q

Describe the daily smoking trends in older people

A
  • people in 60s who smoke daily are not decreasing at the same rate of younger people
  • people in 50s who smoke daily has slightly increased
  • people in their 50s were the most likely age cohort to smoke daily
  • daily smoking among those aged 70 and over is lower than for people in their 50s and 60s, and this is decreasing
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11
Q

Describe the daily drinking trends in older people

A
  • overall decline in population who drink daily
  • people 70+ are the most likely to drink daily, followed by people in 60s and then 50s
  • higher proportion of males than females were daily drinkers
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12
Q

Describe the illicit drug use trends in older people

A
  • a greater amount of older people reported illicit drug use than in previous years
  • Significant increase in 60+ who have used illicit drug in their lifetime
  • recent use has nearly doubled among 50s
  • most commonly used is cannabis and pharmaceutical drugs for non-medical purposes
  • less likely to use cannabis compared to general population
  • increase in cannabis use
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13
Q

Describe the pharmaceutical drug trends in older people

A
  • increasing
    non-medical use is lower for older people than the general population 14 and over
  • slight decrease in 50s
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14
Q

In what group is the rate of drug-induced deaths now much higher?

A

older people (45-64)

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15
Q

What are the best practice approaches to address the needs of older people?

A
  • Early identification of issues in primary care settings
  • Maintenance of social connections
  • Promotion of community inclusion, positive environments and full and active lives
  • Age-appropriate treatment components
  • Longer treatments
  • Physically accessible services (handrails, appropriate seating, transport etc)
  • Outreach and home visits
  • Workforce development to enable care for more complex co-morbidities.
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16
Q

What group is the most marginalised and disadvantaged drug users?

A

People who inject drugs

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17
Q

What are some negative health consequences of people who inject drugs?

A
  • higher risk of fatal drug overdoses

- are disproportionately affected by blood-borne infectious diseases e.g. HIV

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18
Q

What are the most commonly injected drugs?

A

Heroin and methamphetamine

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19
Q

Most people who inject drugs had used what drug in the last 6 months?

A
  • Cannabis

- also consume pharmaceutical drugs at higher rates e.g. morphine, oxycodone

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20
Q

What are some Injection-related health problems?

A
  • experienced a dirty hit
  • nerve damage
  • artery injection
  • risk of transmitting blood-borne viruses
21
Q

What is the trend of HIV?

A
  • low and stable nationally
22
Q

Who is at a greater risk of HIV?

A
  • males
  • gay males
  • those who have recently injected meth
  • 45+ age
23
Q

Who is at a greater risk of hepatitis C?

A
  • those with longer injection histories.
  • respondents reporting heroin or other opioids as the last drug injected
  • respondents who reported imprisonment in the year
  • among respondents who reported receptive syringe sharing in the last month
24
Q

What is Injecting drug use behaviour strongly associated with?

A 
○ Imprisonment
	○ blood borne virus infections
	○ homelessness
	○ mental illness
	○ depression
	○ suicide attempts
	○ non-consensual sex
	○ unstable housing
	○ low education
25
Q

What are interventions for people who inject drugs?

A
  • Engagement
  • Psychoeducation
  • Access to NSP
  • Brief interventions
  • Replacement programs
  • Regular testing – prevention and early treatment
  • General health / well being
  • Peer interventions
26
Q

What are patterns of drug use by women?

A

○ Higher rates of prescription medication use
○ Develop problematic use more quickly
○ More use of prescription medications
○ More “private” use/misuse

27
Q

Describe the pattern of smoking by women

A
  • long term downward trend
  • peaking at middle age and then decreasing with age
  • outer regional areas are more likely to smoke than women in major cities
  • women in low socioeconomic areas are more likely to smoke
  • aboriginal women more likely to smoke daily
28
Q

Describe the pattern of alcohol use by women

A
  • Long term downward trend in alcohol consumption at risky levels among Australian females.
  • The proportion of females drinking alcohol daily has also decreased
29
Q

Describe the pattern of illicit drug use by women

A
  • increase in cannabis use among women in their 30s
  • increase in cocaine use among women in their 20s
  • increase in use of ecstasy among women in their 30s
  • significant increase in recent meth/amphetamine use among women in their 40s
30
Q

Describe some gender, biological and social differences of women

A
  • Intoxication occurs with less alcohol intake
  • Metabolize alcohol differently
  • Develop cirrhosis of the liver more rapidly
  • Increased stigma associated with use/misuse
  • More often caring for children
  • Cultural differences regarding status in society
  • women more likely to self-medicate with AOD
  • greater vulnerability to relapse than men
31
Q

Describe the pattern of alcohol use by pregnant women

A

A declining rate of pregnant women consuming alcohol before they know they are pregnant

32
Q

Describe the pattern of smoking by pregnant women

A

Proportion of women who smoked tobacco halved once they found out they were pregnant

33
Q

Describe the pattern of illicit drug use by pregnant women

A

Few used cannabis and other illicit drugs before they knew they were pregnant.

34
Q

What are treatment barriers for women seeking AOD treatment?

A
  • Lack of awareness of the range of treatment options
  • Stigma
  • Childcare
  • Perceived economic and time costs of residential treatment, including costs of family disruption
  • Interpersonal issues / Lack of support
  • Concerns about the type of treatment, especially confrontational approaches
  • Hx of trauma
  • Male orientated Tx
35
Q

What are the patterns of AOD use among Culturally and Linguistically diverse people?

A
  • less likely to consume AOD compared with people who primarily speak English
36
Q

What are some higher risks of Culturally and Linguistically diverse

A
  • Migrants moving from a culture of no alcohol use to a culture of high alcohol use
  • Cultural specific substances brought to Australian context
  • Stressors: PTSD/Trauma, family stressors, unemployment, language barriers and a lack of understanding of available services
37
Q

What are the best practice approaches to addressing the needs of CALD communities?

A
  • Using trained interpreters
  • Displaying signage and images that reflect culturally diverse clients
  • Resources and service information in major community languages or in formats that are easier for CALD clients to understand
  • Providing care that is trauma-informed and client-centred: making efforts to understand each client’s cultural background, family, migration and settlement experiences
  • Providing education and resources at CALD festivals/events
  • Addressing social determinants such as a lack of connectedness to their community and strained family relationships
  • Providing a culturally sensitive service that is familiar with the different needs, norms and experiences of different CALD groups
  • Ensuring appropriate training for frontline staff; a diverse workforce
38
Q

Describe the pattern of smoking by Indigenous

A
  • smoking is decreasing

- higher rates of smoking than non-indigenous

39
Q

Describe the pattern of alcohol use by Indigenous

A
  • Indigenous people are more likely to abstain from drinking compared to non-indigenous.
  • If/when they do drink they tend to drink at riskier levels compared to non-indigenous
  • abstinence has increased
  • increase in single occasion risk drinking
40
Q

Describe the pattern of drinking 11 or more alcohol drinks at least once a month by Indigenous

A

Declining

41
Q

Describe the pattern of illicit drug use by Indigenous

A
  • a higher proportion of Indigenous Australians recently used illicit drugs, compared with non-Indigenous Australians
  • no significant change in illicit drug use
42
Q

Describe the pattern of drug-related deaths of Indigenous

A
  • 3x higher than non-indigenous

- rate of unintentional drug-induced deaths among Indigenous Australians has increased

43
Q

What are the best practice approaches to addressing the needs of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people?

A
  • Culturally responsive and appropriate mainstream programs
  • Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community-controlled services leading the planning, implementation and delivery of programs
  • Services delivered by specialist Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander drug and alcohol services with an understanding of their physical, spiritual, cultural, emotional and social needs
  • Screening and brief intervention in primary care, Aboriginal Medical Services and other relevant health services
  • Services delivered in urban, regional and remote locations and in settings such as prisons, hospitals and mental health facilities
  • Involvement of families and communities where appropriate
  • Addressing the social determinants of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs use, including homelessness, education, unemployment, grief/loss/trauma and violence
  • Interagency collaboration and data sharing.
44
Q

Compared to heterosexual people, LGBTQ+ people were:

A
  • 9 x likely to use inhalants
  • 3.9 x likely to use methamphetamines
  • 3.5 x likely to use hallucinogens
  • 2.6 x likely to use ecstasy
45
Q

Describe patterns of alcohol use by LGBTQ+ people

A

Heavy episodic drinking is higher than non-transgender people

46
Q

Describe patterns of chemsex use by LGBTQ+ people

A

Higher rates of sexualised drug use

47
Q

What is the connection between AOD and LGBTQ+ people?

A
  • ‘Coming out’ increases the likelihood of prejudicial treatment
  • Stigma LGBT identity
  • Homophobia (internalised and externalised)
  • Using to cope with negative feelings
  • Loss of support systems
  • Peer modelling of AOD
  • Sexualised drug use and to build connections
  • Many LGBTI people avoid mainstream services due to concerns about discrimination
48
Q

What are the best practice approaches to addressing the needs of LGBTQ+ people?

A
  • Not well defined
  • Involve LGBTI community/ local LGBTI-friendly health clinics in health education and prevention programs
  • Addressing minority stress, coming out and experiences of discrimination within Tx.
  • Address homophobia and bullying in school education as well as provide comprehensive education around sexuality
  • The importance of creating opportunities for supporting disclosure & improving inclusive practices.
  • Decrease the ‘invisibility’ of LGBT clients accessing health services & provide a space that is safe & responsive.
  • Workforce development and training about LGBTI people
  • Provide support groups specifically for LGBTI people
  • Provide relevant educational materials at LGBTI social

PYB159: Alcohol and Other Drug Studies (10 decks)

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