ao3 Flashcards
proof that addiction can be genetic
Carmelli et al (1992) - identical twins had a higher chance of developing a smoking addiction if one was a smoker because they share more genes.
evidence to support social support as a cause of obidence
Hoffling (1966): a doctor told nurses to overdose a patient and the nurses blindly obeyed
Rank and Jacobson (1977): replicated the study exept he allowed the nurses to seek support first, and obidience levels dropped significantly
ambiguity leads to greater compliance
Hoffling (1966): a doctor told nurses to overdose a patient with an unknown drug and the nurses blindly obeyed
Rank and Jacobson (1977): replicated the study; the drug used for this study was known so obidience levels dropped
ambiguity leads to greater compliance
Hoffling (1966): a doctor told nurses to overdose a patient and the nurses blindly obeyed
Rank and Jacobson (1977): replicated the study exept he allowed the nurses to seek support first, and obidience levels dropped significantly
Solomon Asch
Participants had to chose which of the 3 lines were the same length as the test line
confederates were told to give wrong answers on some of the trials
One the third trial, the subject denies the evidence of his own eyes and yeilds to group influence
conformity situational factor (size of the majority)
Solomon Asch - conformity was 3% with one confederate, 13% with two confederates, 32% with three
the best (optimum) number for maximum conformity is 3 or 4 people
conformity situational factor (unanimity of the majority)
Solomon Asch - if most of the confederates picked the wrong line but one picked the correct one, conformity rates dropped
everyone has to agree for conformity to occur
conformity situational factor (Task difficulty)
Solomon Asch - repeated the experiment where the lines were more similar to the test line so the answer was more ambiguous and conformity rates increased
Operant Conditioning as an explanation of criminality
Skinner (1948) developed a therory of learning called Opernat Conditioning .
Behaviours were likely to be repeated if they are reinforced and estinguished is they are punished
evidence to support that people with high PEN scores have criminal behaviours
David Farrington reviewed lots of offenders and found that there was a relationship between high P and N scores and criminal behaviour but no relationship with high E scores.
what did karl Christiansen conclude about criminality and twin studies?
If identical twins are more likley to become criminals then there could be evidence that criminality has a genetic basis
Evidence for genetic links for addiction
Blum et al (1991) - alchoholics has had increased frequency of alleles of the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) compared to non-alchoholics
observation and immitation of a role model for addiction
Bandura, Ross, Ross (1961) - children observed and immitated role model aggression meaning that that can happen with addiction
proof that DRD2 gene and alchohol actualy have no correlation
Suarez et al (1994) -failed to replicate findings so the link is controversial and other nature factors such as role models and environmental factors must be influential in addiction too
proof that antidepressants actualy do work
Geddes et al. (2003) - relapse of 41% for a placebp compard to 18% for those taking antidepressants