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Respiratory > Antomy > Flashcards

Antomy Flashcards

1
Q

what constitutes the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • nasal cavities
  • oral cavity (mandible and hyoid bone, epiglottis)
  • pharynx
  • larynx (vocal cords)
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2
Q

what constitutes the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • trachea
  • right and left bronchi (bifurcation)
  • lobar bronchi 9one for each lobe)
  • segmental bronchi (one for each of the 10 bronchopulmonary segments)
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
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3
Q

what happens at the C6 vertebra?

A

1 - the larynx becomes the trachea

2 - the pharynx becomes the oesophagus

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4
Q

what are the lobes of the lungs?

A

left - upper and lower lobes

right - upper, middle and lower lobes.

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5
Q

what separates the lobes of the lungs?

A

fissures (deep crevices)

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6
Q

what does each lung lobe and bronchopulmonary segment have?

A
  • air supply, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply.
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7
Q

Describe the inside of the bronchial tree.

A
  • respiratory epithelium
  • mucous glands secrete onto the epithelial surface
  • cilia sweep the mucous superiorly towards the pharynx (mucociliary escalator)
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8
Q

what interferes with the beating of the cilia?

A
  • toxins in cigarette smoke

- cooling/drying of mucous

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9
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage in the respiratory tree.

A
  • hyaline cartilage supports the walls of the trachea and bronchi
  • it assists with the patency of the airways (holding them open)
  • the amount of cartilage gradually decreases distally
  • the walls of the most distal bronchioles and of alveoli do not contain any cartilage
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10
Q

Describe smooth muscle in the walls of the airways.

A
  • becomes progressively more prominent distally
  • most prominent feature of the bronchioles walls (allowing them to constrict and dilate)
  • not found in alveoli
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11
Q

what are the main requirements of gas exchange?

A
  • sufficient functioning lung tissue
  • sufficient 02 in the air we breathe in
  • no C02 in the air we breathe in
  • minimal thickness of the walls of the alveoli to facilitate gaseous diffusion
  • minimal tissue fluid in the tissue spaces around the alveolar capillaries to facilitate gaseous diffusion
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12
Q

what are the main problems to the respiratory tract?

A
  • the tract becomes narrowed due to; - the bronchioles constricting (asthma), swelling of the mucosa and overproduction of mucous (asthma) or a growing tumour externally compressing the tract.
  • foreign bodies being inhaled to partially or fully stop breathing.
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13
Q

Describe the nasal septum.

A
  • bony part of the nasal septum - ethmoid bone (superiorly) and vomer (inferiorly)
  • cartilaginous part
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14
Q

Describe the nasal cavity.

A
  • relatively featureless medial wall
  • interestingly featured lateral wall
  • a floor (formed of palate)
  • a roof (formed by the midline part of the floor f the anterior cranial fossa)
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15
Q

what does the larynx consist of?

A
  • epiglottis
  • thyroid cartilage
  • cricoid cartilage
  • 2 arytenoid cartilages (posteriorly)
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16
Q

what is the function of the larynx?

A
  • cartilage helps maintain patency pf the upper respiratory tract
  • helps to prevent entry of foreign bodies into lower respiratory tract
  • produces sound
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17
Q

where do large foreign bodies tend to block the URT?

A
  • Rima glottidis (narrowest part of larynx)
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18
Q

what do vocal ligaments do?

A
  • airway protection and cough reflex
  • phonation (producing sound)
  • articulation (producing speech)
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19
Q

what does the Heimlich manoeuvre aim to do?

A

raise abdominal pressure > forces diaphragm superiorly > raises pressure in chest > raises pressure in lungs > forces air into trachea > air forced through rima glottidis to expel the foreign body.

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20
Q

how do the we warm, humidify and clean the air we breathe in?

A
  • the conchae (superior, middle and inferior) greatly increase the surface area of the lateral walls of the nasal cavities
  • the conchae produce turbulent flow bringing the air into contact with the walls
  • the respiratory mucosa lining the walls of the nasal cavities has a very good arterial blood supply providing warmth
  • the respiratory mucosa produces mucous providing moisture
  • the “sticky” mucous traps potentially infected particles
  • the cilia of the mucosa waft the mucous to the pharynx to be swallowed (into gastric acid)
  • tonsils produce white blood cells in defence against infection
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21
Q

what are the parts of the pharynx?

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
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22
Q

Describe the thoracic skeleton.

A

12 pairs of ribs; 1-7 = true ribs (attach via costal cartilage to the sternum), 8-10 =false ribs (attach above to the sternum), floating ribs = 11 and 12 ( no attachment to sternum)

  • intercostal space, costal margin, clavicle and scapula
  • sternum = manubrium, body, xiphoid, sternal angle
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23
Q

Describe the joints and bones of the thoracic skeleton.

A

see diagram.

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24
Q

what are the muscles of breathing?

A
  • external intercostal muscle, internal intercostal muscle and innermost intercostal muscle.
  • layers attach between adjacent ribs making the chest wall expand.
  • diaphragm also important.
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25
Q

where is the pleural cavity?

A

between the parietal and visceral layers of pleura.

- surround the lungs in 3D apart from where the main bronchus enters

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26
Q

what is acinus?

A
  • the functional unit of the lung

- extends through the respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts and alveoli

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27
Q

what are the classification of lung tumours?

A
  • 4 common; -adenocarcinoma, squamous carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma
  • neuroendocrine tumours
  • bronchial gland tumour
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28
Q

what classification of lung cancer are non-smokers likely to get?

A
  • adenocarcinoma
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29
Q

why is it so important to classify cancers?

A
  • prognosis
  • treatment
  • pathogenesis/biology
  • epidemiology
30
Q

which lung cancer types have the worst survival time?

A

small cell (then large cell, squamous cell and then adenocarcinoma)

31
Q

what is the anatomy of the pleura?

A
  • serous membranes
  • the visceral pleura covers the lungs and forms interlobar fissures.
  • the parietal pleura covers the mediastinum, diaphragm, and inner surface of the thorax
  • inferior margins of the pleura considerably lower than the corresponding border of the lung.
  • the two layers combine around the hila of the lung - so it has no pleural coverage
  • the pleural layers combine to form the pulmonary ligament =, which runs inferiorly and attaches the root of the lung to the diaphragm.
32
Q

how does the pleural anatomy allow it to perform its function?

A
  • lubricates the 2 pleural surfaces
  • allowing the pleura to slide smoothly during respiration
  • surface tension allows lung surface to stay touching thoracic wall, creating a seal between the 2 surfaces.
33
Q

what is the isthmus of the thyroid?

A
  • bride of thyroid tissues connecting left and right

- above jugular notch and anterior to tracheal cartilages 2-4

34
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

the cavity between right and left pleural cavities

-contains heart

35
Q

Describe the lungs/ lung development in an embryo.

A

-chest cavity initially contains pleural cavity and no lungs
-lung develops pushing pleural cavity and eventually the visceral and parietal pleura come into contact (with fluid in between)
partietal = in contact with body wall
visceral = in contact with lungs

36
Q

what are the fissures of the lungs?

A

on the right - oblique and horizontal

on the left - only oblique

37
Q

where in the intercostal spaces is the nerve supply?

A

-anterior ramus of spinal nerve (intercostal nerve)

38
Q

what artery and vein supplies/ drains the posterior part of the intercostals?

A

artery = thoracic aorta
vein = azygous vein
(meets anterior parts)

39
Q

what artery and vein supply the anterior parts of the intercostals?

A

internal thoracic artery and veins

meets posterior parts

40
Q

where are the main and collateral neurovascular bundles found supplying the lungs?

A 
main = just below rib
collateral = just above rib
41
Q

what is the diaphragm?

A
  • internal part of the body wall
  • right dome usually more superior
  • muscular part attaches to; the sternum, the lower 6 ribs and costal cartilages, L1-L3 vertebral bodies
42
Q

how is the diaphragm supplied?

A

-muscular part supplied by right and left phrenic nerve at the C3,4 and 5 anterior rami

43
Q

where are phrenic nerves found?

A
  • found in neck on anterior surface of scalenus anterior muscle (anterior to root of lung)
  • in chest descending over lateral aspects of the heart (pericardial sac)
  • supplies somatic sensory and sympathetic axons to the diaphragm and fibrous pericardium
  • supplies somatic motor axons to the diaphragm.
44
Q

how is the surface anatomy of the female breast labelled?

A
  • split into 4 quadrants
  • superolateral
  • superomedial
  • inferolateral
  • inferomedial
  • axillary tail
  • areola (nipple)
45
Q

what artery and vein supplies the breast?

A

(from subclavian) internal thoracic artery

46
Q

how are breasts lymphatically drained?

A
  • upper and lower lateral quadrants drain to axillary lymph nodes (unilateral)
  • upper and lower medial quadrants drain into parasternal lymph nodes (bilateral)
47
Q

Describe the surface anatomy of the chest.

A
  • jugular notch
  • manubrium
  • clavicles
  • trachea
  • sternum
  • sternal angle
  • xiphoid process
  • costal margin
48
Q

Describe the features of the anterolateral chest wall.

A
  • superficial fascia =adipose tissue, insulation
  • deep fascia = fibrous, thin, strong, protective
  • sensory nerves = intercostal nerves
  • muscles = deltoid and pectoralis major
  • cephalic vein = in delto-pectoral groove
  • long thoracic nerve supplies serratus anterior (on side)
49
Q

what does the serratus anterior do?

A

-anchors scapula to ribs

supplies by long thoracic nerve

50
Q

what are the parts of the parietal pleura?

A
  • cervical
  • costal
  • diaphragmatic
  • mediastinal
51
Q

what is the significance of the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A
  • most dependant part of pleural cavity (most inferior)
  • located between diaphragmatic partietal pleura and costal parietal pleura
  • costophrenic angle is the very most inferior region
  • abnormal fluid in the pleural cavity will drain into here
52
Q

what are the structures of the root of the lungs?

A
  • main bronchus
  • pulmonary artery
  • 2 pulmonary veins
  • lymphatics
  • visceral afferents (sensory)
  • sympathetic nerves
  • parasympathetic nerves
53
Q

what is the hilum?

A

where the main bronchi enter the lungs

54
Q

what are the surface marking of the hilum?

A
  • main bronchi attachment (posterior)
  • pulmonary arteries
  • pulmonary veins (most anterior)
  • Pulmonary lymph nodes
55
Q

what is the rough overview of what happens when coughing?

A
  • sensory receptors in the mucosa of oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx and respiratory tree are stimulated
  • CNS causes a deep inspiration using accessory muscles
  • adduction of vocal cords to close the rima glottidis
  • contraction of abdominal wall muscles to build up pressure pushing the diaphragm up and increases lung pressure
  • vocal cords suddenly abduct to open rima glottidis
  • soft palate tenses and elevates to stop sneezing
56
Q

what spinal nerves are stimulated in sneezing?

A
  • CN 5 and 9
57
Q

what spinal nerves are stimulated in coughing?

A

-CN 9 and 10

58
Q

what are the carotid sheaths?

A
  • protective tubes of cervical deep fascia
  • attach superiorly to bones of the base of the skull
  • blends inferiorly with the fascia of the mediastinum
  • contains; vagus nerve, internal carotid artery, common carotid artery and internal jugular vein
59
Q

how do motor axons travel to the lungs?

A

-they travel from the tracheal bifurication along the branches of the respiratory tree to supply all mucous glands and all bronchiolar smooth muscles

60
Q

how do pulmonary visceral afferents travel ?

A

-travel from visceral pleura and respiratory tree to the plexus and then follow the vagus nerve to the medulla of the brainstem

61
Q

what are the intercostal nerves?

A

-anterior rami of the spinal nerves T1-11

62
Q

what happens to the pectoralis major and minor when the upper limb position is fixed?

A
  • the parts which are normally fixed move and allow a muscles o pull the ribs upwards and outwards to increase inhalation
63
Q

what allows the vocal cords to move ?

A

the arretanoid cartilage

64
Q

how are laryngeal muscles supplied?

A

-somatic motor nerves branching off the vagus nerve (CN10)

65
Q

what does the vagus nerve do?

A
  • mixed cranial nerves
  • connects CNS at the medulla, descends through neck within the carotid sheath
  • supplies somatic sensory and motor axons to larynx
  • descends posterior to lung root and supplies parasympathetic axons to the chest organs
  • pass through diaphragm on the oesophagus
  • divides at stomach for foregut and midgut organs
66
Q

what are the layers of abdominal wall muscles?

A

(left and right)

  • external oblique
  • internal oblique
  • transversus abdominal
  • rectus abdominis (6 pack)
67
Q

Describe external oblique muscles

A
  • joined to the superficial aspects of the lower ribs and to the anterior part of the iliac crest and pubic tubicle
  • fibre direction the same as the external intercostal muscle at the sides
  • aponeurosis (flattened tendon) in the middle
  • the linea semilunaris = where the muscle fibres end and the aponeurosis begins
68
Q

Describe the internal oblique muscle.

A
  • fibre in the same direction as internal intercostal muscle
  • aponeurosis (flattened tendon) of the right internal oblique blends with aponeurosis of the left internal oblique at the midline linea alba
  • attaches superiorly to border of lower ribs and inferiorly to the iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia of the lower back
69
Q

Describe the transverse abdominus muscle.

A
  • right and left aponeurosis blend
  • attaches superiorly to deep aspects of lower ribs and inferiorly to iliac crest and throacolumbar fascia of the lower back
70
Q

what are the functions of the abdominal muscles?

A
  • tonci contractions to maintain posture and support the vertebral column
  • contractions produce movements of the vertebral column (flexion, lateral flexion, rotation)
  • guarding contractions protect the abdominal viscera
  • contractions increase the intra-abdominal pressure to assist defecation, urination and labour
  • contractions aid forced expiration
71
Q

what are the parts of the mediastinum?

A
  • superior
  • anterior
  • middle
  • posterior
72
Q

what are the consequences of mediastinal shift?

A
  • tracheal deviation

- superior vena cava compression lead to reduced venous return to the heart leading to hypotension

Respiratory (17 decks)

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