Antomy Flashcards
(72 cards)
1
Q
what constitutes the upper respiratory tract?
A
- nasal cavities
- oral cavity (mandible and hyoid bone, epiglottis)
- pharynx
- larynx (vocal cords)
2
Q
what constitutes the lower respiratory tract?
A
- trachea
- right and left bronchi (bifurcation)
- lobar bronchi 9one for each lobe)
- segmental bronchi (one for each of the 10 bronchopulmonary segments)
- bronchioles
- alveoli
3
Q
what happens at the C6 vertebra?
A
1 - the larynx becomes the trachea
2 - the pharynx becomes the oesophagus
4
Q
what are the lobes of the lungs?
A
left - upper and lower lobes
right - upper, middle and lower lobes.
5
Q
what separates the lobes of the lungs?
A
fissures (deep crevices)
6
Q
what does each lung lobe and bronchopulmonary segment have?
A
- air supply, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply.
7
Q
Describe the inside of the bronchial tree.
A
- respiratory epithelium
- mucous glands secrete onto the epithelial surface
- cilia sweep the mucous superiorly towards the pharynx (mucociliary escalator)
8
Q
what interferes with the beating of the cilia?
A
- toxins in cigarette smoke
- cooling/drying of mucous
9
Q
Describe hyaline cartilage in the respiratory tree.
A
- hyaline cartilage supports the walls of the trachea and bronchi
- it assists with the patency of the airways (holding them open)
- the amount of cartilage gradually decreases distally
- the walls of the most distal bronchioles and of alveoli do not contain any cartilage
10
Q
Describe smooth muscle in the walls of the airways.
A
- becomes progressively more prominent distally
- most prominent feature of the bronchioles walls (allowing them to constrict and dilate)
- not found in alveoli
11
Q
what are the main requirements of gas exchange?
A
- sufficient functioning lung tissue
- sufficient 02 in the air we breathe in
- no C02 in the air we breathe in
- minimal thickness of the walls of the alveoli to facilitate gaseous diffusion
- minimal tissue fluid in the tissue spaces around the alveolar capillaries to facilitate gaseous diffusion
12
Q
what are the main problems to the respiratory tract?
A
- the tract becomes narrowed due to; - the bronchioles constricting (asthma), swelling of the mucosa and overproduction of mucous (asthma) or a growing tumour externally compressing the tract.
- foreign bodies being inhaled to partially or fully stop breathing.
13
Q
Describe the nasal septum.
A
- bony part of the nasal septum - ethmoid bone (superiorly) and vomer (inferiorly)
- cartilaginous part
14
Q
Describe the nasal cavity.
A
- relatively featureless medial wall
- interestingly featured lateral wall
- a floor (formed of palate)
- a roof (formed by the midline part of the floor f the anterior cranial fossa)
15
Q
what does the larynx consist of?
A
- epiglottis
- thyroid cartilage
- cricoid cartilage
- 2 arytenoid cartilages (posteriorly)
16
Q
what is the function of the larynx?
A
- cartilage helps maintain patency pf the upper respiratory tract
- helps to prevent entry of foreign bodies into lower respiratory tract
- produces sound
17
Q
where do large foreign bodies tend to block the URT?
A
- Rima glottidis (narrowest part of larynx)
18
Q
what do vocal ligaments do?
A
- airway protection and cough reflex
- phonation (producing sound)
- articulation (producing speech)
19
Q
what does the Heimlich manoeuvre aim to do?
A
raise abdominal pressure > forces diaphragm superiorly > raises pressure in chest > raises pressure in lungs > forces air into trachea > air forced through rima glottidis to expel the foreign body.
20
Q
how do the we warm, humidify and clean the air we breathe in?
A
- the conchae (superior, middle and inferior) greatly increase the surface area of the lateral walls of the nasal cavities
- the conchae produce turbulent flow bringing the air into contact with the walls
- the respiratory mucosa lining the walls of the nasal cavities has a very good arterial blood supply providing warmth
- the respiratory mucosa produces mucous providing moisture
- the “sticky” mucous traps potentially infected particles
- the cilia of the mucosa waft the mucous to the pharynx to be swallowed (into gastric acid)
- tonsils produce white blood cells in defence against infection
21
Q
what are the parts of the pharynx?
A
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
22
Q
Describe the thoracic skeleton.
A
12 pairs of ribs; 1-7 = true ribs (attach via costal cartilage to the sternum), 8-10 =false ribs (attach above to the sternum), floating ribs = 11 and 12 ( no attachment to sternum)
- intercostal space, costal margin, clavicle and scapula
- sternum = manubrium, body, xiphoid, sternal angle
23
Q
Describe the joints and bones of the thoracic skeleton.
A
see diagram.
24
Q
what are the muscles of breathing?
A
- external intercostal muscle, internal intercostal muscle and innermost intercostal muscle.
- layers attach between adjacent ribs making the chest wall expand.
- diaphragm also important.
25
where is the pleural cavity?
between the parietal and visceral layers of pleura.
| - surround the lungs in 3D apart from where the main bronchus enters
26
what is acinus?
- the functional unit of the lung
| - extends through the respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts and alveoli
27
what are the classification of lung tumours?
- 4 common; -adenocarcinoma, squamous carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma
- neuroendocrine tumours
- bronchial gland tumour
28
what classification of lung cancer are non-smokers likely to get?
- adenocarcinoma
29
why is it so important to classify cancers?
- prognosis
- treatment
- pathogenesis/biology
- epidemiology
30
which lung cancer types have the worst survival time?
small cell (then large cell, squamous cell and then adenocarcinoma)
31
what is the anatomy of the pleura?
- serous membranes
- the visceral pleura covers the lungs and forms interlobar fissures.
- the parietal pleura covers the mediastinum, diaphragm, and inner surface of the thorax
- inferior margins of the pleura considerably lower than the corresponding border of the lung.
- the two layers combine around the hila of the lung - so it has no pleural coverage
- the pleural layers combine to form the pulmonary ligament =, which runs inferiorly and attaches the root of the lung to the diaphragm.
32
how does the pleural anatomy allow it to perform its function?
- lubricates the 2 pleural surfaces
- allowing the pleura to slide smoothly during respiration
- surface tension allows lung surface to stay touching thoracic wall, creating a seal between the 2 surfaces.
33
what is the isthmus of the thyroid?
- bride of thyroid tissues connecting left and right
| - above jugular notch and anterior to tracheal cartilages 2-4
34
What is the mediastinum?
the cavity between right and left pleural cavities
| -contains heart
35
Describe the lungs/ lung development in an embryo.
-chest cavity initially contains pleural cavity and no lungs
-lung develops pushing pleural cavity and eventually the visceral and parietal pleura come into contact (with fluid in between)
partietal = in contact with body wall
visceral = in contact with lungs
36
what are the fissures of the lungs?
on the right - oblique and horizontal
| on the left - only oblique
37
where in the intercostal spaces is the nerve supply?
-anterior ramus of spinal nerve (intercostal nerve)
38
what artery and vein supplies/ drains the posterior part of the intercostals?
artery = thoracic aorta
vein = azygous vein
(meets anterior parts)
39
what artery and vein supply the anterior parts of the intercostals?
internal thoracic artery and veins
| meets posterior parts
40
where are the main and collateral neurovascular bundles found supplying the lungs?
```
main = just below rib
collateral = just above rib
```
41
what is the diaphragm?
- internal part of the body wall
- right dome usually more superior
- muscular part attaches to; the sternum, the lower 6 ribs and costal cartilages, L1-L3 vertebral bodies
42
how is the diaphragm supplied?
-muscular part supplied by right and left phrenic nerve at the C3,4 and 5 anterior rami
43
where are phrenic nerves found?
- found in neck on anterior surface of scalenus anterior muscle (anterior to root of lung)
- in chest descending over lateral aspects of the heart (pericardial sac)
- supplies somatic sensory and sympathetic axons to the diaphragm and fibrous pericardium
- supplies somatic motor axons to the diaphragm.
44
how is the surface anatomy of the female breast labelled?
- split into 4 quadrants
- superolateral
- superomedial
- inferolateral
- inferomedial
- axillary tail
- areola (nipple)
45
what artery and vein supplies the breast?
(from subclavian) internal thoracic artery
46
how are breasts lymphatically drained?
- upper and lower lateral quadrants drain to axillary lymph nodes (unilateral)
- upper and lower medial quadrants drain into parasternal lymph nodes (bilateral)
47
Describe the surface anatomy of the chest.
- jugular notch
- manubrium
- clavicles
- trachea
- sternum
- sternal angle
- xiphoid process
- costal margin
48
Describe the features of the anterolateral chest wall.
- superficial fascia =adipose tissue, insulation
- deep fascia = fibrous, thin, strong, protective
- sensory nerves = intercostal nerves
- muscles = deltoid and pectoralis major
- cephalic vein = in delto-pectoral groove
- long thoracic nerve supplies serratus anterior (on side)
49
what does the serratus anterior do?
-anchors scapula to ribs
| supplies by long thoracic nerve
50
what are the parts of the parietal pleura?
- cervical
- costal
- diaphragmatic
- mediastinal
51
what is the significance of the costodiaphragmatic recess?
- most dependant part of pleural cavity (most inferior)
- located between diaphragmatic partietal pleura and costal parietal pleura
- costophrenic angle is the very most inferior region
- abnormal fluid in the pleural cavity will drain into here
52
what are the structures of the root of the lungs?
- main bronchus
- pulmonary artery
- 2 pulmonary veins
- lymphatics
- visceral afferents (sensory)
- sympathetic nerves
- parasympathetic nerves
53
what is the hilum?
where the main bronchi enter the lungs
54
what are the surface marking of the hilum?
- main bronchi attachment (posterior)
- pulmonary arteries
- pulmonary veins (most anterior)
- Pulmonary lymph nodes
55
what is the rough overview of what happens when coughing?
- sensory receptors in the mucosa of oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx and respiratory tree are stimulated
- CNS causes a deep inspiration using accessory muscles
- adduction of vocal cords to close the rima glottidis
- contraction of abdominal wall muscles to build up pressure pushing the diaphragm up and increases lung pressure
- vocal cords suddenly abduct to open rima glottidis
- soft palate tenses and elevates to stop sneezing
56
what spinal nerves are stimulated in sneezing?
- CN 5 and 9
57
what spinal nerves are stimulated in coughing?
-CN 9 and 10
58
what are the carotid sheaths?
- protective tubes of cervical deep fascia
- attach superiorly to bones of the base of the skull
- blends inferiorly with the fascia of the mediastinum
- contains; vagus nerve, internal carotid artery, common carotid artery and internal jugular vein
59
how do motor axons travel to the lungs?
-they travel from the tracheal bifurication along the branches of the respiratory tree to supply all mucous glands and all bronchiolar smooth muscles
60
how do pulmonary visceral afferents travel ?
-travel from visceral pleura and respiratory tree to the plexus and then follow the vagus nerve to the medulla of the brainstem
61
what are the intercostal nerves?
-anterior rami of the spinal nerves T1-11
62
what happens to the pectoralis major and minor when the upper limb position is fixed?
- the parts which are normally fixed move and allow a muscles o pull the ribs upwards and outwards to increase inhalation
63
what allows the vocal cords to move ?
the arretanoid cartilage
64
how are laryngeal muscles supplied?
-somatic motor nerves branching off the vagus nerve (CN10)
65
what does the vagus nerve do?
- mixed cranial nerves
- connects CNS at the medulla, descends through neck within the carotid sheath
- supplies somatic sensory and motor axons to larynx
- descends posterior to lung root and supplies parasympathetic axons to the chest organs
- pass through diaphragm on the oesophagus
- divides at stomach for foregut and midgut organs
66
what are the layers of abdominal wall muscles?
(left and right)
- external oblique
- internal oblique
- transversus abdominal
- rectus abdominis (6 pack)
67
Describe external oblique muscles
- joined to the superficial aspects of the lower ribs and to the anterior part of the iliac crest and pubic tubicle
- fibre direction the same as the external intercostal muscle at the sides
- aponeurosis (flattened tendon) in the middle
- the linea semilunaris = where the muscle fibres end and the aponeurosis begins
68
Describe the internal oblique muscle.
- fibre in the same direction as internal intercostal muscle
- aponeurosis (flattened tendon) of the right internal oblique blends with aponeurosis of the left internal oblique at the midline linea alba
- attaches superiorly to border of lower ribs and inferiorly to the iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia of the lower back
69
Describe the transverse abdominus muscle.
- right and left aponeurosis blend
- attaches superiorly to deep aspects of lower ribs and inferiorly to iliac crest and throacolumbar fascia of the lower back
70
what are the functions of the abdominal muscles?
- tonci contractions to maintain posture and support the vertebral column
- contractions produce movements of the vertebral column (flexion, lateral flexion, rotation)
- guarding contractions protect the abdominal viscera
- contractions increase the intra-abdominal pressure to assist defecation, urination and labour
- contractions aid forced expiration
71
what are the parts of the mediastinum?
- superior
- anterior
- middle
- posterior
72
what are the consequences of mediastinal shift?
- tracheal deviation
| - superior vena cava compression lead to reduced venous return to the heart leading to hypotension
