Antivirals Flashcards
First vaccine & eradicated disease
small pox
Immunogenicity
Based on laboratory measurement of antibody responses
proportion of recipients who develop antibody
antibody levels (titers)
Efficacy
Based on ability of vaccine to protect against disease
clinical trials
case-control studies
Usual reactions to vaccinations
Local reactions Immediate reactions - Syncope - Hypersensitivity reactions Fever - Febrile seizures Disease due to live vaccine virus Neurological disease Immune mediated –atypical - disease
Contrindications to live vaccine
Pregnancy (Live Vaccines)
Immunodeficiency (Live Vaccines)
Contraindications to vacciene
Allergy to a Vaccine Component
Previous Reactions to Vaccine
3 types of immunization strategies
Routine (Universal) Immunization
- Infants and children
- Adolescents
- Adults
The Expanded Programme on Immunization
Immunization Limited to Persons at Higher Risk of Disease
- Underlying medical condition
- Occupational exposure
- Travel to foreign country
- Post-exposure (e.g., rabies)
- Disease outbreaks
Live vaccine
- Benefits
- Examples
Benefits
- Broad immune response
- Only 1 or 2 doses
- Do not contain adjuvants/preservative but sensitive to thermal conditions
Oral polio virus vaccine (OPV) Rotavirus vaccine (PRV, HRV) Measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR) Varicella-zoster virus vaccines (VZV,ZV) Live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) Yellow fever vaccine (YFV) Experimental (RSV, PIV, Ebola, Dengue)
Inactivated Vaccines
- Type of immune response
- Doses
- Examples
- Serum antibody production
- 2-3 doses (amnestic response)
- Preservatives or adjuvants
Types: inactivated whole organism/subunit/polysaccharide or DNA or non-replicating vectors
Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV, Salk)
Influenza vaccine (TIV)
Hepatitis B vaccine (HBV)
Human Papillomavirus vaccine (HPV)
Rabies
Experimental (EBOLA, HIV, Hepatitis E, RSV
Treatment strategies of viral infections
Stop immunosupressive therapy
- Immunoglobulins
- IVIg - Parvovirus
- Vaccinia immune globulin
- CMV Ig
- Human rabies Immune Globulin (HRIG)
- Antiviral drugs
Target of herpes viral drugs
Viral thymidine kinase
Acylovir bioavaibility
IV»»»»»»oral
Antiviral for influenza
Neuraminidase Inhibitors
Neuraminidase Inhibitors
Mechanism
Prophylaxis efficacy
Treatment outcomes
influenza A and B infections
Mechanism
Prevents the virus from being released from the host cell
Prophylaxis
- efficacy 60-70%
Treatment outcomes
- Reduce duration of symptoms by 1-3 days when started within 24 hours of onset of illness
- Reduce risk of complications including hospitalization, respiratory failure
Amntadine
Mechanism
Resistance?
The mechanism of amantadine’s antiviral activity involves interference with the viral protein, M2, a proton channel.**NB all current influenza strains are resistant to amantadine
