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Microbiology - Virology > Antivirals > Flashcards

Antivirals Flashcards

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1
Q

Which drugs block protein synthesis?

A

Interferon-a

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2
Q

Which drugs block viral uncoating?

A

Amantidine, rimantidine

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3
Q

Which drugs block release of progency virions?

A

Oseltamavir, Zanamivir

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4
Q

Which three types of Nucleic Acid synthesis anti-virals are there?

A

Guanosine analogs, Viral DNA polymerase inhibitors, and Guanine nucleotide synthesis blockers

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5
Q

Which drugs are guanosine analogs?

A

acyclovir, ganciclovir

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6
Q

Which drugs are viral DNA polymerase inhibitors?

A

cidofovir, foscarnet

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7
Q

Which drugs are guanine nucleotide synthesis blockers?

A

Ribavirin

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8
Q

What is the mechanism of oseltamivir/zanamivir? Use?

A

Inhibit influenza neuraminidase: decr release of progeny virus.

Influenza A and B.

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir?

A

Guanosine analogs. Require phosphorylation to be effective - HSV and VZV thymidine kinase. Triphosphate formed by cellular enzymes. Not phosphorylaed in uninfected cells, few adverse effects. Chain termination.

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10
Q

Clinical use of acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir?

A

HSV and VZV. Weak against EBV, none against CMV.

  • mucocutaneous and genital lesions, and for encephalitis.
  • ppx in immunocompromised
  • No effect on latent forms.
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11
Q

Which of acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir has better oral bioavaliability?

A

Valacyclovir - prodrug

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12
Q

Which antiviral for herpes zoster?

A

Famcicloivir

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13
Q

Toxicity of acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir?

A

Obstructive crystalline nephropathy and acute renal failure if not adequately hydrated.

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14
Q

Mechanism of resistance against acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir?

A

Mutated viral thymidine kinase.

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15
Q

What is the mechanism of ganciclovir?

A

Guanosine analog. 5′-monophosphate formed by a CMV viral kinase.
Triphosphate formed by
cellular kinases. Preferentially inhibit viral DNA
polymerase by chain termination.

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16
Q

What is the clinical use of ganciclovir?

A

CMV, especially in immunocompromised patients. Valganciclovir, a prodrug of ganciclovir, has
better oral bioavailability.

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17
Q

What is the toxicity of ganciclovir?

A

Leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, renal toxicity. More toxic to host enzymes than
acyclovir.

18
Q

Mechanism of resistance against ganciclovir?

A

Mutated viral kinase

19
Q

Mechanism of foscarnet?

A

Viral DNA/RNA polymerase inhibitor and
HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Binds to
pyrophosphate-binding site of enzyme. Does
not require activation by viral kinase.

20
Q

Clinical use of foscarnet?

A

CMV retinitis in immunocompromised patients

when ganciclovir fails; acyclovir-resistant HSV.

21
Q

Toxicity of foscarnet?

A

Nephrotoxicity, electrolyte abnormalities
(hypo- or hypercalcemia, hypo- or
hyperphosphatemia, hypokalemia,
hypomagnesemia) can lead to seizures.

22
Q

Mechanism of resistance against foscarnet?

A

Mutated DNA polymerase.

23
Q

What is the mechanism of cidofovir?

A

Preferentially inhibits viral DNA polymerase. Does not require phosphorylation by viral kinase.

24
Q

What is the clinical use for cidofovir?

A

CMV retinitis in immunocompromised patients; acyclovir-resistant HSV. Long half-life.

25
Q

What is the toxicity of cidofovir?

A

Nephrotoxicity (coadminister with probenecid and IV saline to decr  toxicity).

26
Q

What is the mechanism of ribavirin?

A

Inhibits synthesis of guanine nucleotides
by competitively inhibiting inosine
monophosphate dehydrogenase.

27
Q

What is the clinical use of ribavirin?

A

Chronic HCV, also used in RSV

28
Q

What is the toxicity of ribavirin?

A

hemolytic anemia, severe teratogen

29
Q

What is the mechanism of Simeprevir?

A

HCV protease inhibitor, prevents viral replication

30
Q

What is the clinical use of simeprevir?

A

chronic HCV in combo w/ ribavirin and peg-interferon-a

Cannot be used as monotherapy

31
Q

What is the toxicity of simeprevir?

A

Photosensitivity rxn, rash

32
Q

What is the mechanism of sofosbuvir?

A

Inhibits HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase acting as a chain terminator

33
Q

Clinical use of sofosbuvir?

A

chronic HCV in combo w/ ribavirin and peg-interferon-a

Cannot be used as monotherapy

34
Q

Toxicity of sofosbuvir?

A

Fatigue, headache, nausea

35
Q

what is IFN-B given for?

A

MS

36
Q

What is IFN-Y given for?

A

chronic granulomatous disease

37
Q

What is IFN-A given for?

A

HCV/HBV, kaposi, hairy cell, condyloma accuminatum, RCC, malignant melanoma

38
Q

Infection control (general): autoclave

A

pressurized steam at >120C. May be sporicidal.

39
Q

Infection control (general): alcohols

A

Denature protein and disrupt cell membranes. Not sporocidal.

40
Q

Infection control (general): chlorhexidine

A

Denature protein and disrupt cell membranes. Not sporocidal.

41
Q

Infection control (general): hydrogen peroxide

A

Free radial oxidation. Sporicidal.

42
Q

Infection control (general): iodine and iodophors

A

Halogenation of DNA, RNA and proteins. May be sporicidal.

Microbiology - Virology (13 decks)

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