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HLSC 220 > Antivirals > Flashcards

Antivirals Flashcards

1
Q

Viruses

A
  • Tiny microorganisms that infect and replicate inside host cells
  • Coronavirus - SARS CoV-2
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2
Q

How do Viruses work

A
  1. use host cell machinery to synthesize protein, DNA, and RNA
  2. Viruses can’t replicate on own
  3. Must attach/enter a host cell
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3
Q

Problems of viral treatments

A
  1. Infections live in host cells- to kill virus may also kill cells
  2. Initially asymptomatic- delay treatment until virus is well established
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4
Q

Host defense in a competent immune system

A
  1. best response to viral infections
  2. Well functioning immune system will eliminate or effectively destroy virus replication
  3. Healthy immune system works with the drug to eliminate or suppress viral activity
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5
Q

Host Defense in Immunocompromised

A

Have frequent viral infections especially
1. cancer pts
2. Transplant pts
3. AIDs pts disease attacks their immune system

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6
Q

Antiviral medications

Do what

A
  1. work by inhibiting replication of virus in host
  2. don’t directly destroy mature virions
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7
Q

Viruses controlled by current antiviral therapy

A
  1. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
  2. Hep virus
  3. Herpes virus
  4. HIV
  5. Influenza virus (flu)
  6. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
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8
Q

Antiretroviral Drugs

A

treat HIV infections virus causing AIDs

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9
Q

HIV host cells

A

DNA becomes RNA

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10
Q

HIV retroviral

A

RNA becomes DNA

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11
Q

HIV

A

-Leads to AIDs
-Retrovirus family
-Transmitted sexually, iv drugs(blood), mom to fetus

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12
Q

Opportunistic Infections in HIV pts

A
  1. Protozoal
  2. Fungal
  3. Viral
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13
Q

Opportunistic infections in HIV: Protozoal

A

Toxoplasmosis of the brain

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14
Q

Opportunistic infections in HIV: Fungal

A

-Candidiasis of lungs, esophagus, trachea
-Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

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15
Q

Opportunistic infections in HIV: Opportunistic infections in HIV: Viral

A

-CMV
-HSV
-others

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16
Q

Opportunistic infections in HIV: Bacterial

A

-Various mycobacterial infections
-Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB)

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17
Q

Opportunistic Neoplasms in HIV:

A

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

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18
Q

Antivirals for HIV

A

-Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
-Protease Inhibitors
-Integrase Inhibitors

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19
Q

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs)

A

Block activity of enzyme reverse transcriptase
-prevent production on new DNA from viral RNA

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20
Q

Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors: subclasses

A

-Nucleoside RTIs
-Non-nucleoside RTIs

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21
Q

Nucleoside RTIs

A

Competes with cell nucleosides for DNA synthesis
-Zidovudine (AZT: azidothymidine)

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22
Q

Zidovudine (AZT: azidothymidine): Adverse effects

A

Bone Marrow suppression
-anemia and neutropenia

23
Q

Protease Inhibitors

A

Inhibit the retroviral protease enzyme, preventing viral protein preparation

24
Q

What is a good target for antiviral drugs

A

viral enzymes

25
Q

Protease inhibitor adverse effects

A

-Hyperglycemia
-Cause new or exacerbate diseases

26
Q

Protease Inhibitor- Ritonavir

A

has many drug-drug interactions
-CYP450 inhibitor and inducer

27
Q

Other Protease Inhibitor drugs

A

-atazanavir
-fosamprenavir
-indinavir
-nelifnavir

28
Q

Integrase Inhibitors

A

HIV integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs)

29
Q

HIV integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs)

A

Inhibit insertion of HIV DNA into CD4 (T-helper) cell DNA

30
Q

Other Integrase inhibitors

A

-raltegravir
-dolutegravir
-bitegravir
-elvitegravir

31
Q

What type of therapy is used for HIV treatment

A

Combination therapy is essential

32
Q

Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapy (HAART)

A

Goal is to reduce HIV in plasma - Viral load
-No AIDs development
-cannot pass virus to others

33
Q

Drug combinations

A
  1. 2 NRTIs + 1NNRTI
  2. 2 NRTIs + 1 or 2 Protease inhibitors
  3. BIKTARVY (bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir/alafenmide)
34
Q

BIKTARVY (bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir/alafenmide)

A

-Single tab treatment of HIV-1 infection (2018)
-Integrase inhibitor + 2 NRTIs

35
Q

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

A

Tenofivir and emtricitabine
-2 RTI combination

36
Q

Daily drug regime for HIV is to

A

To prevent acquisition of HIV infection by uninfected persons

37
Q

Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)

A

-Drugs taken very soon after possible exposure to HIV
-start within 3 days and lasts 28
-Eg. Raltegravir + tenofovir + emtricitabine

38
Q

Influenza

A

Has many different strains
-A is 96%
-B
-C is less severe symptoms

39
Q

What causes the differentiation in influenza

A

H + N surface proteins
-eg. H1N1 vs. H3N2

40
Q

Herpes virus group

A

-Varicella Zoster virus
-Herpes simplex virus
Cytomegalovirus

41
Q

Varicella virus types

A

-Chicken Pox (Varicella)
-Shingles (Herpes zoster)

42
Q

Herpes simplex virus types

A

-HSV-1 (Oral)
-HSV-2 (Genital)

43
Q

Drugs for influeza

A

-Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
-Zanamivir
-Baloxavir

44
Q

Influenza treatment

A

-Should begin within 2 days of symptom onset
-Can be used prophylactically if vaccine isn’t an option
-Can reduce recovery time when used therapeutically

45
Q

Baloxavir treatment (Influenza)

A

-Newer drug
-single dose regime
- Equally effective as oseltamivir

46
Q

Drugs for herpes virus

A

-Synthetic nucleoside analogues
-Acyclovir (Zovirax)

47
Q

Synthetic nucleoside analogues

A

-treats herpes virus
-Nucleosides are DNA building blocks
-Stops viral DNA synthesis

48
Q

Acyclovir (Zovirax)

A

-Used to suppress replication of herpes virus
-Used for initial and recurrent episodes
-Topical, oral, parenteral forms

49
Q

What forms of herpes does Acyclvir suppress

A

-HSV-1
-HSV-2
-VSV

50
Q

Drugs for herpes Cytomegalovirus

A

DNA Polymerase Inhibitors
-Ganciclovir

51
Q

Cytomegalovirus

A

-Herpes virus family
-May have virus but no symptoms
-spread by bodily fluids
-can affect brain, eyes, lungs, and GI

52
Q

Ganciclovir treats

A

-Cytomegalovirus
-CMV retinitis (Ophthalmic form is surgically implanted)
-available in parenteral forms

53
Q

Ribavirin

A

-synthetic nucleoside
-PO or inhalation
-Treats- Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Hep C

HLSC 220 (10 decks)

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