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PHARMA 3 > Antiviral_part2_Flashcards > Flashcards

Antiviral_part2_Flashcards

1
Q

What patients are primarily affected by Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections?

A

Advanced immunosuppressed patients.

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2
Q

What are the causes of CMV infections?

A

Retinitis, colitis, esophagitis, CNS disease, and pneumonia.

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3
Q

List the drugs used for CMV infections.

A
  1. Ganciclovir
  2. Valganciclovir (a prodrug of ganciclovir)
  3. Cidofovir
  4. Foscarnet
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4
Q

What types of infections are caused by Herpes viruses (HSV)?

A
  1. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections
  2. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections
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5
Q

Name the systemic drugs for HSV infections.

A
  1. Acyclovir (oral, IV administration)
  2. Valacyclovir (oral, prodrug of acyclovir)
  3. Famciclovir (oral, prodrug of penciclovir)
  4. Foscarnet (IV)
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6
Q

Name the topical drugs for HSV infections.

A
  1. Acyclovir
  2. Trifluridine
  3. Penciclovir
  4. Docosanol
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7
Q

What are the clinical effects of systemic HSV drugs?

A
  1. Decrease the duration of symptoms.
  2. Decrease the time to lesion healing.
  3. Decrease the duration of viral shedding.
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8
Q

In what scenario are HSV drugs given prophylactically?

A

To prevent HSV disease in bone marrow transplant recipients.

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9
Q

Do systemic HSV drugs act on latent viruses?

A

No, they do not act on latent viruses.

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of action (MOA) for nucleoside analogs in HSV treatment?

A
  1. Require viral enzyme-mediated phosphorylation.
  2. Inhibit viral DNA polymerase by mimicking nucleosides.
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11
Q

Name the nucleoside analogs used for HSV infections.

A
  1. Acyclovir
  2. Penciclovir
  3. Ganciclovir
  4. Trifluridine
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12
Q

What is the difference between nucleoside and nucleotide analogs?

A
  • Nucleoside analogs: Require phosphorylation.
  • Nucleotide analogs: Already contain one phosphate group.
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13
Q

Give an example of a nucleotide analog and its specific characteristic.

A

Cidofovir; contains a nitrogen and two phosphates.

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14
Q

Which HSV drug is specifically noted for IV administration and targets drug-resistant viruses?

A

Foscarnet.

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15
Q

What is the specific role of Valacyclovir and Famciclovir in HSV treatment?

A
  • Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir.
  • Famciclovir: A prodrug of penciclovir.
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16
Q

What is required for activation of nucleoside analogs in cells?

A

2 or 3 phosphorylation steps.

17
Q

What is the mechanism of action of nucleoside analogs?

A
  1. Inhibit viral DNA polymerase.
  2. Permit limited viral DNA elongation or cause premature DNA chain termination.
18
Q

What is Foscarnet classified as?

A

A non-nucleoside/nucleotide analog.

19
Q

What is the chemical nature of Foscarnet?

A

Inorganic pyrophosphate analog.

20
Q

Does Foscarnet require phosphorylation for activation?

A

No, it does not require phosphorylation.

21
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Foscarnet?

A

Inhibits viral DNA polymerase.

22
Q

What is Docosanol and its mechanism of action?

A

Type: Alcohol.
Action: Inhibits fusion between the HSV envelope and the host cell membrane.

23
Q

List the common side effects of oral Acyclovir and Valacyclovir.

A

Nausea, diarrhea, and headache.

24
Q

What are the side effects of intravenous Acyclovir infusion?

A
  1. Reversible renal toxicity.
  2. Neurologic effects.
25
Q

What is the major side effect of Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir?

A

Myelosuppression.

26
Q

What is the key side effect of Cidofovir and Foscarnet?

A

Nephrotoxicity.

27
Q

Which antiviral drugs do not require phosphorylation for activation?

A

Foscarnet.

28
Q

How does Docosanol differ in its action compared to nucleoside analogs?

A

It inhibits membrane fusion, not viral DNA polymerase.

29
Q

What is a common mechanism among drugs like Acyclovir and its analogs?

A

Inhibition of viral DNA polymerase.

30
Q

Why might Foscarnet be used over nucleoside analogs?

A

It bypasses the need for phosphorylation, making it effective against drug-resistant viruses.

PHARMA 3 (14 decks)

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