Antipsychotics Flashcards
When is the onset of schizophrenia?
Late adolescence or early adulthood
Which kind of symptoms respond the best to antipsychotic medications?
Positive symptoms
What are the three kinds of symptoms schizophrenics have?
Positive, Negative, Cognitive
What are the positive symptoms?
Those that appear to reflect an addition to or an excess of normal functions
-Hallucinations
-Delusions
-Disorganized thinking
What are negative symptoms?
Those that are absent from normal behavior
-Flat affect
-Anhedonia
-Social Withdrawal
What re the cognitive symptoms?
Altered thinking, concentration and memory
-Slowed thinking
-Difficulty understanding
-Poor concentration
-Poor working memory
What are the etiologies of schizophrenia?
Genetics, neurons, systems, behavior
What are the genetical information regarding schizophrenia?
Identical twins have a 50% chance of also being schizophrenic.
However, if the parent has it, only 10% of children have it.
What are the environmental etiologies that have been associated with schizophrenia?
-Prenatal infections
-Perinatal hypoxia
=Adolescent drug abuse
=Stress
Who is neurologist Ugo Cerletti?
Italian neurologist Ugo Cerletti who developed electroconvulsive therapy ECT (electroshock therapy)
Describe the Lobotomy
Anestesia using 2 quick shots to the head.
Insert an ice pick through the upper eyelid in the pt’s head
Use hammer to position device into frontal lobe
Move icepick back and forth
Did anyone improve from lobotomy?
only 1/3 improved, and by improved they were left unresponsive, lethargic, and in a vegetative state
What does the lobotomy aim to do?
Disconnect the connection of the frontal lobe
How many lobotomies were done?
40-50,000
When were lobotomies done?
1940-1950s
What is methylene blue?
Biological stain that had clinical utility for malaria
Who first synthesized methylene blue and when?
Heinrich Caro 1976
Who started making derivatives of methylene blue and when?
Paul Charpentier in 1940s
What was a potent, centrally activing H1 antagonist derivative found from methylene blue?
Promethazine- it causes extreme sedation and prompted use as an adjunt anesthetic
What medication was discovered in the late 1940’s that produced a more “calming” effect than promethazine?
Chlopromazine- the first antipsychotic
What are the first generation of antipsychotics? How do they work?
Phenothiazines-
-Haloperidol
-Chlorpromazine
-Perpehazine
Block DOPAMINE D2R -> treats POSITIVE symptoms of schizophrenia