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Pharmacology > Antiparasitics > Flashcards

Antiparasitics Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 6 malaria drugs

A 
Cholorquine
Mefloquine
Quinine
Primaquine
Atovaquone
Proguanil
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2
Q

What is the MOA of chloroquine?

A

Kills blood schizont by targeting parasite lysosome. Prevents conversion of heme to hemozin.
Heme accumulation is toxic to parasite

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3
Q

How does a parasite develop resistance to chloroquine?

A

Develops membrane to pump/flush drug out so it can’t reach lysosome

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4
Q

What decreases absorption of chloroquine?

A

Antacids

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5
Q

Which malaria drug can not target the erythrocitic forms?

A

Primaquine

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6
Q

When is mefloquine used?

A

When a community is resistant to chloroquine

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7
Q

Which malaria drug can cause cardiac arrest and neuropsychiatric reactions?

A

Mefloquine

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8
Q

How does the MOA of quinine differ from Chloroquine?

A

Kills blood schizont by binding to DNA, blocking replication/multiplication

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9
Q

Which three malaria drugs target the lysosome/parasite food vacuole?

A

Chloroquine
Mefloquine
Primaquine

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10
Q

Which two malaria drugs can target the hepatic form of malaria? Which can completely eradicate the hepatic form? Which is slower acting and can partially target the hepatic form and completely eradicate the erythrocytic form?

A

Primaquine - kill hepatic well

Proguanil - partially target hepatic, kill blood schizont well

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11
Q

Which is the only malaria drug safe during pregnancy?

A

Proguanil

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12
Q

Which malaria drug can target both tissue and blood schizonts? When is it used?

A

Atovaquone

Use when resistant to chloroquine

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13
Q

What is the MOA of Atovaquone?

A

inhibits replication by targeting parasite Cytochrome P450, inhibiting mitochondrial ETC

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14
Q

Which malaria drug should not be used prophylactically?

A

Quinine

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15
Q

Which two malaria drugs are typically used in combination with eachother? Which stage(s) do each target?

A

Atovanquone - tissue and blood

Proguanil - hepatic

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16
Q

What is the only parasitic drug that is a prodrug? What is its MOA?

A

Metranidazole

Obligate anaerobe ferredoxin reduces drug into reactive metabolite, binding to DNA, damaging it

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17
Q

Which three organisms are targeted by metranidazole?

A

Entamoeba hystilitica
Trichomonas
Girardi Lambia

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18
Q

What are the two AE of metranidazole?

A

Psycosis

Disulfiram-like reaction, blocking conversion of acetaldehyde to acetate, causing terrible hangover

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19
Q

Which malaria drug should only be used for severe infections, including cerebral malaria?

A

Quinine

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20
Q

What is the MOA of quinine?

A

Attached to double-stranded DNA and prevents separation, blocking multiplication

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21
Q

Which malaria drug can cause GI distress and leukopenia?

A

Primaquine

22
Q

What is the MOA of Proguanil?

A

Inhibits dihydrofolate-reductase-thymidylase synthase, inhibiting DNA

23
Q

How is metronidazole eliminated through the body?

A

Eliminated in dark red/brown urine

24
Q

Which trimeseter of pregnancy should metronidazole note be used in? What other drug is it contraindicated/a dose adjustment is needed in?

A

1st

Warfarin

25
Q

Which two malaria drugs can cross the BBB? Which is used to treat cerebral malaria? Which parasitic drug can cross the BBB?

A

Mefloquine and Quinine
Quinine
Metronidazole

26
Q

What can dilozanide furonate, iodoquinol, and paromomycin be used to treat? (broad)

A

Luminal amoebas (they are luminal amebicides)

27
Q

Besides erythrocytic malaria, what can chloroquine also be used to treat?

A

Tissue amoebic infections

28
Q

Which two broad parasitic categories can metronidazole and tinidazole emetines be used to treat? For amoebic abscesses, what needs to be added to the treatment regimen for these drugs?

A

Luminal and tissue amoebas

One luminal agent

29
Q

What can suramin and pentamidine be used to treat? What does suramin target in the parasite?

A

Trypanosoma brucei

30
Q

What drug can be used to treat advanced stages of trypanosoma brucei? What can it enter?

A

Melarsoprol

CNS

31
Q

What can pyrimethamine + sulfonamides be used to treat? What can it pass through to treat the fetus?

A

Taxoplasma gondii

Placenta

32
Q

What is a common AE to anti-helminth drugs? What are the symptoms?

A

Mazzotti reaction
Fever/chills/respiratory distress/hypotension
When parasite released, leads to sepsis like syndrome

33
Q

What group of helminths does sole Praziquantel target well?

A

Trematodes

34
Q

What group of heminths are treated with albendazole and praziquantel/niclosamide?

A

Cestodes

35
Q

What group of helminths can mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate be used to treat? What is the exception?

A

Nematodes

Exception is filariasis

36
Q

Which two drugs can treat elephantiasis from wucheria bancrofti?

A

Diethylcarbamazine or Ivermectin

37
Q

What is the MOA of praziquantel?

A

Increased tegmental permeability for Ca2+ ions, causing paralysis and death

38
Q

What cestode characteristic is niclosamide not effective against? What is its MOA?

A

Cysts

Targets mitochondrial transport syndrome

39
Q

What drug is very effective against eggs, larva, and adult forms of nematodes and cestodes, including cysts?

A

Albendazole

40
Q

What is an autoimmune AE of albendazole? What other recent AE has been seen in children?

A

Alopecia

Hepatotoxicity

41
Q

What drug has more AE and is only used in severe infections instead of albendazole?

A

Thiabendazole

42
Q

What drug is poorly absorbed by the host, and is therefore good for localized helminthic infections?

A

Mebendazole

43
Q

Which two groups is mabendazole the primary drug for? What can it also treat?

A

Pin worm and round worm

Larval nematodes

44
Q

What are two MOA of mabendazole?

A

Selectively inhibits parasitic microtubules

Inhibits glucose uptake (resulting in starvation)

45
Q

Which drug selectivly binds to a parasite’s nicotinic receptors, leading to parasite paralysis?

A

Pyrantel pamoate

46
Q

What is Pyrantel Pamoate contraindicated for?

A

Hepatic dysfuction

47
Q

What is an alternate drug for round work infections? What is its MOA?

A

Piperazine

Selectively inds parasite GABA receptros, inducing paralysis

48
Q

Which drug is reported to cross the BBB and can interfere with the human GABA system?

A

Piperazine

49
Q

What is diethylcarbamazine the drug of choice to treat? What reaction does this classically show?

A 
Fliarial worms (eye worm disease)
Mazzotti reaction
50
Q

What is ivermectin the drug of choice to treat? What are the two MOA? Can it affect human GABA? Why or why not?

A

Oncocerciasis (some form of filariasis)
Binds to glutamate gated chloride channels in nerve and muscles
Intensifies GABA mediated neurotranmission in nematodes
No, cannot affect human GABA because it cannot cross the BBB

51
Q

What can be used to treat head lice?

A

Ivermectin

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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