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Pharm 2300 > Antineoplastics > Flashcards

Antineoplastics Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer

A

a disease that involves the reproduction of abnormal cells.

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2
Q

Tumor or Neoplasm

A

abnormal cell reproduction resulting in a mass that has no useful function and is done at a uncontrolled rate. (Usually faster)–takes up needed space, uses resources

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3
Q

Malignant

A

a “bad” tumor or life threatening; robbing normal cells of nutrients causing a decrease in the normal cells. Has tendency to spread to other sites.

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4
Q

Benign

A

a tumor that does not destroy or invade tissues around it, they are not cancerous and do not spread other areas —may need removal if impinging on other organs

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5
Q

Metastases

A

the spread of cancer cells

• Primary vs secondary site.

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6
Q

Carcinomas

A

Type of cancer found in the epithelial layer of skin or lining of internal organs
• Stomach: Gastric adenocarcinoma
• Liver: Hepatocellular carcinoma
• Breast: Carcinoma of the breast

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7
Q

Sarcomas

A 
Type of cancer found in connective or other non-epithelial tissue (solid/diffuse)
• Bone: Osteosarcoma
• Muscle: Rhabdomyosarcoma
• Fat: Liposarcoma
• Leukocyte: Leukemia
• Lymphocytes: Hodgkin’s Disease
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8
Q

Goals for Chemotherapy

A

Early detection and treatment needed to reduce mortality
• Reduce tumor size with each course of therapy
• Cancers reduced so the patient’s immune system can
take over
• Combination chemotherapy has a higher cancer cell-kill than treatment with single agents

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9
Q

Chemotherapy treatment principles

A
  • Chemotherapy is toxic to all DIVIDING cells
  • Most effective - Small tumor, Good blood supply
  • Toxic effects—spread it around
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10
Q

Side/adverse effects or Toxicity from Cancer Drugs

NOT Selective drugs (generally)

A
  • Bone Marrow Depression - Anemia, Leukopenia, Thrombocytopenia
  • GI Ulceration - NVD (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), Stomatitis, Anorexia
  • Alopecia
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11
Q

Potential dose limiting effects from Cancer Drugs

A
  • Hepatotoxicity
  • Nephrotoxicity
  • Ototoxicity
  • Peripheral Neuropathy
  • Cardiac Toxicity
  • Remember bone marrow suppression, too
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12
Q

Cell Cycle Phases

A
  • G0 - Resting phase
  • G1 - Early protein
  • S - DNA synthesis
  • G2 – specialized proteins for mitosis
  • Mitosis -Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telaphase
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13
Q

Cell cycle specific drugs (CCS)

A
  • Antimetabolites

* Mitotic inhibitors

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14
Q

Cell-cycle non-specific (CCNS)

A
  • Alkylating agents

* Cytotoxic antibiotics (some might call specific—more in G2)

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15
Q

Alkylating Agents MOA

*CCNS

A

change structure of DNA w/in the cell (bind or alkylate with DNA) inhibiting cell division

*CCNS

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16
Q

Alkylating Agents-CCNS

A
  • Busulfan (Myleran)-leukemia
  • Cisplatin (Platinol)-testicular/ovarian
  • Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)-Hodgkins, lymphoma
  • Methchorethamine (Mustargen)
17
Q

Antimetabolites MOA

A

fake substances like necessary
building blocks in cell-disrupt DNA synthesis

**S phase

18
Q

Antimetabolites-CCS

A
  • Mercaptopurine (Purinethol)- leukemia
  • Methotrexate (MTX, Folex)

**S Phase

19
Q

Cytoxic Antibiotics-CCNS MOA

A

Block DNA synthesis (similar to alkylating) - G2 mostly-strand breakage

20
Q

Cytoxic Antibiotics-CCNS

A
  • Bleomycin (Blenoxane)

* Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)

21
Q

Mitotic Inhibitors MOA

A

disrupt mitotic spindles

**CCS - M phase

22
Q

Mitotic Inhibitors-CCS

A
  • Vincristine (Oncovin)
  • Vinblastine (Velban)
  • Etoposide (Toposar)
  • Note: microtubule interruption-”Taxol”
23
Q

Anti-estrogens for tumors sensitive to hormones.

A
  • tamoxifen (Nolvadex)
  • rolixifene (Evista)
  • (side effects like menopause)
24
Q

Anti-androgens for tumors sensitive to hormones

A
  • bicalutamide (Casodex)

* flutamide (Eulexin)

25
Q

Hormonal agents MOA

A

specifics uncertain—interfere w/ tumor ability to grow

26
Q

Hormonal agents use

A

predominantly reproductive cancers;
• Breast
• Ovarian
• prostate

27
Q

Anti-Emetics

A
  • Promethazine (Phenergan)
  • Ondansetron (Zofran) Serotonin antagonist
  • palonosetron (Aloxi)
  • aprepitant (Emend)—neurokinine antag
28
Q

Common Combination Chemotherapy - Breast

A

CMF
• Cyclophosphamide-alkylating
• Methotrexate-antimetabolite
• Fluorouracil-antimetabolite

29
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Clone of antibody against cancer cell
• trastuzumab (Herceptin)–breast
• rituximab (Rituxan)—non- Hodgkins lymphoma

30
Q

Immunomodulators purpose

A
  • Decrease cell proliferation of cancer cells
  • Increase phagocyte activity of the immune system
  • Increase lymphocyte cell-killing properties
31
Q

Interleukins-2

A

Protein that promote development/differentiation of T and B cell lymphocytes

32
Q

Interferons alfa-2a and alfa-2b

A
  • Protein secreted by T-cells, to stimulate macrophages to enhance phagocytic activity
  • Boosting the immune system

Pharm 2300 (6 decks)

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