Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharm 2300 > Anti-infectives > Flashcards

Anti-infectives Flashcards

1
Q

Antiseptics

A

Chemicals applied only to living tissue, not meant to kill them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Disinfectants

A

Chemicals used on non-living objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anti-invectives

A

To kill or inhibit the pathogen

-bacteria, fungus, parasite, virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bactericidal

A

Drugs that kill the organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Drugs that limit the growth of organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Superinfection

A

Overgrowth of another bacteria or organism that will not be treated by the medication administered.

*opportunistic infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Antibiotics are not effective against?

A

Viruses, parasites and fungal infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Antibiotics side effects

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, photo sensitivity, opportunistic yeast infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Antibiotics SERIOUS adverse effects

A

Ototxicity, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

General patient teaching of antibiotics

A

Take all pills
Take on an empty stomach to aid with absorption (take w/ food if upset stomach occurs)
Drink plenty of water
Stop and call if rash develops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

4 target areas of antibiotics

A
  1. Cell wall synthesis
  2. Protein synthesis disruption
  3. Folate syntheses inhibition
  4. Nucleic acid (DNA) synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

A

Beta lactams - beta lactation rings
Penicillins
Cephalosporins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Penicillin MOA

A

Inhibits the cell wall synthesis in bacteria > causes loss of osmotic pressure, cell lysis, loss of nutrients and cell death

**bactericidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Penicillin Uses

A

Strep, staph, upper/lower respiratory infections, UTI, otitis media, extended spectrum in urinary tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Generation 1 “Natural Penicillins”

A
  • Narrow spectrum
  • Effective against gram positive bacteria
  • often treat common infections of ear, throat, STIs
  • not as easy to absorb PO
  • not effective against beta lactamase
  • *penicillin V (Veetids)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Generation 2 - Aminopenicillins

A
  • broader spectrum - covering more of the gram negative bacteria
  • all drugs can be given orally - better absorption
  • not effective against lactamase
  • amoxicillin (Amoxil)
  • ampicillin (Principin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Combo Drug: Augmentin

A

Amoxicillin+clavulanate

**clavulanate limits beta lactamase enzyme produced by bacteria so antibiotic can function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Penicillins

A

Penicillin (1st gen) - Veetids®
Amoxicillin (2nd) - Amoxil®
Ampicillin (2nd) - Principen®
Dicloxacillin (1st-resist) - Dynapen ®

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Other penicillins

A
  • resistant to beta lactamase
  • narrower spectrum (gram+ only)

*dicloxicillin (Dynapen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cephalosporin MOA

A

Inhibits the cell wall synthesis of the bacteria > causes loss of the osmotic pressure, cell lysis, loss of nutrients, cell death

**bactericidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cephalosporin Uses

A

Strep, staph, upper/lower respiratory infections,UTI, otitis media

**broad spectrum, sub for penicillin, some gram-‘s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cephalosporins 1st Gen

A
  • active agains gram+ bacteria and a few gram-
  • cephalexin (Keflex)
  • cefazolin (Kefzol)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cephalosporins 4th Gen

A
  • greater resistance to b-lactamase inactivation enzymes
  • broad spectrum & longer 1/2 life
  • parenteral dose only

*Cefapime (Maxipime)

26
Q

Cephalosporins (cefs)

A 
1st gen
Cefazolin - Kefzol®
*Cephalexin - Keflex®
2nd Gen
Cefotetan - Cefotan®
Cefaclor - Ceclor®
3rd Gen
Ceftriaxone - Rocephin®
Ceftazidime - Fortaz®
4th Gen Cefipime - Maxipime®
27
Q

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

A
  • Aminoglycosides - Bactericidal
  • Tetracycline - Bacteristatic
  • Macrolides - Bacteristatic
28
Q

Aminoglycosides MOA

A

Drug binds to bacteria, attaches to the ribosomes (irreversible) 30s & 50s inhibits protein synthesis

*bactericidal

Primarily given IV/IM

29
Q

Aminoglycosides Uses

A

Senior gram- infections

May give po to ‘cleanse’ gut before surgery

30
Q

Aminoglycoside Side Effects

A
  • When admin parenterally: ototoxicity (ears) and nephrotoxicity (kidneys)
  • pregnancy category D
  • may enhance muscle blockade during surgery
31
Q

Aminoglycoside “mycin”

A
  • Streptomycin (TB)
  • Gentamycin - Garamycin ®
  • Tobramycin - Tobrex®
  • Neomycin (skin, eye drops) - Poly-pred ®
32
Q

TETRACYCLINES MOA

A
  • Thought to Interfere with protein synthesis of bacteria by preventing the binding of transfer RNA to messenger RNA in the Ribosome—30S site
  • Gram +/- infections, broad spectrum

*bacteriostatic

33
Q

TETRACYCLINES Uses

A

• Acne, lower respiratory tract infection, chlamydia–Rocky Mt. Spotted fever, Cholera, Lyme disease

34
Q

TetraCYCLINES

A
  • Tetracycline - Achromycin®
  • Doxycycline - Vibramycin®
  • Minocycline - Minocin®
35
Q

Tetracyclines Side Effects

A
  • GI upset
  • Photosensitivy
  • Binds to Ca so yellowing of the teeth, suppress bone growth (not recommended for children of pregnant women)
  • Do not take with dairy, antacids, & Fe+
  • nephrotoxicity (kidneys)
  • Superinfection - candida
36
Q

Macrolide MOA

A

Inhibits protein synthesis at the Ribosomal site. (50s subunit site)

*bacteriostatic

37
Q

Microlide Uses

A
  1. Gram Positive infections (strep and staph) (allergy to PCN/ceph)
  2. upper/lower respiratory infections
  3. Gram- infection (Moraxella and Neisseria)
  4. Chlamydia infection
38
Q

Macrolides - “thromycin”

A 
•Erythromycin -E-mycin ®, Erythrocin
•Clarithromycin - Biaxin ®
•Azithromycin (ear/resp infections)
Zithromax ®-Z-Pak ® (Long half life - 65-70 hrs)
•Dirithromycin - Dynabac ®
39
Q

Macrolide Side Effects

A
  • GI disturbances—especially erythromycin. Take with Food
  • Z-Pak ® has shown an elevation in Liver function tests
  • Biaxin ® has been shown to leave a metallic taste in the mouth
  • Drug/drug interactions—be sure to check Statins, theophylline, dilantin, steroids, etc.
40
Q

Ketolide –telithromycin(Ketek) (related to macrolides)

A
  • blocks protein synthesis-greater affinity (more effective in lower doses)
  • Use: Resp. infections; Acute bacterial sinusitis
  • Community acquired pneumonia
  • Resistant strains from other antitbx
  • Side effects: NVD, possible C/V effects
  • CYP450 strong inhibitor–watch interactions–especially “statins” Norvasc, etc
  • Once/ day dosing-enteral only
41
Q

Sulfonamides MOA

A

Inhibits the synthesis of folic acid (folate is naturally occuring form) and thereby inhibiting growth

*Bacteriostatis

42
Q

Sulfonamides Uses

A
  • Some used topically (burns) or urinary/GI infections (concentrated in urine)
  • there are more resistant strains–limits use
43
Q

Sulfonamides

A
  • Sulfamethoxazole/ Trimethoprim - Bactrim®/ Septra®
  • Sulfasalazin - Azulfidine ®
  • Sulfisoxazole - Gantrisin ®
  • Sulfadiazine - Silvadene ®
  • Sulfacetamide - Sulamyd ®
  • Sulfasalazine - Azulfidine ®
  • Sulfonamide Comb (vaginal) - Sultrin ®
44
Q

Sulfonamide Side Effects

A
  • Photosensitivity/allergic rx (Stevens-Johnson syndrome; fatal skin rx)
  • Crystalluria - crystal formation in urine (drink lots!)
  • Blood disorders: Anemia, Leukopenia, Thrombocytopenia
  • Watch for drug/drug interactions like warfarin, diabetic agents
45
Q

Fluroquinolones MOA

A
  • Inhibits DNA Gyrase, which is essential for bacterial replication (Nucleic Acid Synthesis inhibitor)
  • Synthetic, broad spectrum, one advantage=well absorbed via GI route G+ and G-

*bactericidal

46
Q

Fluroquinolones Uses

A

UTI, GI, Respiratory, and bone and joint, (including serious versions) inhalation anthrax

47
Q

Fluroquinolones “floxacin”

A
  • Ciprofloxacin - Cipro ® (anthrax)
  • Levafloxacin - Levaquin ®
  • Moxifloxacin - Avelox ®
48
Q

Fluroquinolone Side Effects

A
  • HA
  • Dizziness
  • Photosensitivity/rash/Stevens-Johnson
  • GI disturbances/ avoid dairy
  • Black box warning—can damage connective tissue so not given to children; achilles tendon rupture 3-4x more likely
  • Relatively few reactions
49
Q

Lincomycin

A
  • Clindamycin (Cleocin ®)
  • Inhibits protein synthesis/bacteriostatic
  • Good against anaerobic organisms
  • Uses: deep tissue infections (sometimes malaria/MRSA)
  • Side effects: diarrhea
  • Can cause overgrowth of clostridium difficile_ Pseudomembranous colitis caused by the the toxin.
  • Patient teaching—report diarrhea—pay attn!
50
Q

Vancomycin

A
  • *Vancomycin (Vancocin ®)-Bactericidal
  • MOA: Inhibits Cell Wall Synthesis
  • Last Resort. Only G+ (very potent)
  • Used to treat MRSA/resistant staph infections
  • Must be given IV, nephrotoxic, peak/troughs, etc
51
Q

Metronidazole

A
  • *Metronidazole (Flagyl® )
  • Inhibits DNA replication
  • Treats: bacterial and protozoa infections (Think GI infections)
  • Drug interaction:With Alcohol!!!! Experiences: N/V and HA
52
Q

Nitrofuratoin

A
  • Nitrofuratoin (Macrodantin® )
  • Treats: urinary tract infections due to it’s antiseptic properties. (no systemic effect)
  • Short 1⁄2 life
  • Patient Teaching: Drink with lots of water.
  • Phenazopyridine (Pyridium ®) - Urinary Tract Analgesic—not antibiotic
  • Patient Teaching: Changes color of urine to orange - Only use for first couple of days—is antibiotic working?
53
Q

Cephalosporins 2nd Gen

A
  • Active against gram- and some gram+
  • Broader spectrum
  • More potent
  • Cefaclor (Ceclor)
  • Cefotetan (Cefotan)
54
Q

Cephalosporins 3rd Gen

A
  • most active against gram- bacteria and less effective against gram+ bacteria
  • more lipid soluble > cross blood brain barrier
  • ceftazidime (Fortaz)
  • ceftriaxone (Recephin)
55
Q

Tuberculosis

A
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Slow growing, Acid fast bacteria
  • Transmitted: By droplets from infected person in the air by coughing or sneezing
  • Can spread to other organs: bones, joints, CNS GU, skin
56
Q

Active TB symptoms

A
  • Cough—eventually blood
  • Weight loss
  • Malaise
  • Fever
  • Night Sweats
57
Q

TB treatment

A

•Multi-drug regimen: months to yrs
•MOA: inhibit cell wall synthesis or protein synthesis
Drugs: Isoniazid (INH), Rifadin (Rifampin)–stains urine/tears orange, Pyrazinamide (Tebrazid), Ethambutal

*latent or active disease

58
Q

TB treatment regimens

A

• Latent disease –one drug approx 9 months
• Active disease (non HIV):
2 months: Isoniazid, Rifampin, pyrazinamide
Combo brand name: Rifater
- Then 4-7months: Isoniazid & Rifampin
• Ethambutal may also be used if unsure resistant strai

Pharm 2300 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions