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Microbiology > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Classic rare complication of fluoroquinolones

A

Achilles tendon rupture in patient over 60 or on steroids

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1
Q

NRTI mechanism

A

competitive reverse transcriptase inhibition

requires phosphorylation (except tenofovir)

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2
Q

Linezolid toxicities (name 3)

A

Thrombocytopenia, peripheral neuropathy, serotonin syndrome

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2
Q

Ganciclovir toxicity

A

leukopenia

neutropenia

thrombocytopenia

renal toxicity

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2
Q

Protease inhibitor mechanism

A

Protease cleaves polypeptide products of HIV mRNA into their functional parts

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2
Q

Chronic granulomatous disease tx

A

IFN-gamma

Gamma for Granulomatous

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3
Q

imipenem must be give with?

A

cilastatin

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4
Q

Tetracyclines mechanism

A

30S

Prevent attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA

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5
Q

Toxic side effects of carbapenems

A

GI, derm, seizures

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6
Q

chloroquine mechanism

A

causes heme accumulation that’s toxin to plasmodia

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7
Q

Macrolide Toxicities

A

MACRO

  GI **M**otility

** A**rrthythmia 2/2 long QT

Acute Cholestatic hepatitis

** R**ash

    e**O**sinophilia
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8
Q

Enfuvirtide mechanism:

A

fusion inhibitor, binds gp41, inhibiting entry

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9
Q

M. leprae treatment

tuberculoid form:

lepromatous form:

A

tuberculoid: dapsone, rifampin
lepromatous: clofazimine

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10
Q

ziduvodine toxicity

A

general NRTI toxicities + anemia

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11
Q

Interferons have what molecular structure

A

glycoproteins

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12
Q

Antimicrobial mechanism of Vancomycin

A

Disrupts cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis

Modification of D-ala D-ala to D-ala D-lac

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13
Q

What are the 3 components of HAART?

A

2 NRTI’s and 1 of the following:

NNRTI or protease inhibitor or integrase inhibitor

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14
Q

Name 3 NNRTIs

A

Delaviridine

Efavirenz

Nevirapine

DEN

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15
Q

Function of cilastatin

A

inhibits renal dehydropeptidase I

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16
Q

Tx for resistant pseudomonas

A

colistin (polymixins b and e)

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17
Q

PPX of strep pharyngitis in child with prior rheumatic fever

A

Benzathine PCN G or oral PCN V

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18
Q

Mechanism of penicillins and cephalosporins

A

Inhibit peptidoglycan cross-linking

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18
Q

Tetracyclines: don’t take with what?

A

Divalent cations: Milk, antacids, iron

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18
Q

Chloramphenicol mechanism

A

Blocks peptidyltransferase at 50S

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18
Q

Sulfonamides mechanism

Cidal or static

A

Inhibits dihydropteroate synthase (part of folate synthesis)

Static

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18
Q

Metronidazole mechanism

Cidal or static

A

Forms free radicals that damage DNA

Cidal

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19
Q

Aminoglycoside mechanism

A

30S

Inhibits initiation complex

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19
Q

Aminoglycosides: cidal or static?

A

cidal

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20
Q

Linezolid mechanism

A

Binds to 50S and inhibits formation of initiation complex

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21
Q

-cyclovir mechanism

A

guanosine analog, inhibits viral DNA polymerase

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22
Q

-fungins aka echinocandins mechanism

A

inhibits cell wall synthesis by inhibiting synthesis of beta-glucan

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23
Q

Which has greater oral bioavailability: Amox or Amp?

A

Amox

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24
Q

Unique effect of ritonavir

A

boosts other drug concentrations by inhibiting P-450

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25
Q

PPX:

High risk for endocarditis and undergoing dental procedure

A

Amox

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26
Q

Preggers with GBS

A

PCN G

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27
Q

Prevention of post-surgical infection 2/2 S. aureus

A

cefazolin

28
Q

Trimethoprim mechanism?

Cidal or static?

A

Inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase

Static

29
Q

IFN beta use

A

MS treatment

30
Q

Isoniazid toxicities

A

INH

Injures Neurons and Hepatocytes

31
Q

TB

Prophylaxis:

Treatment:

A

Prophylaxis: Isoniazid

Treatment: Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol (RIPE)

32
Q

Nystatin mechanism

A

binds to ergosterol and forms membrane pores

(same as Amphotericin B)

33
Q

Oseltamivir and zanamivir mechanism

A

inhibit influenza neuraminidase

34
Q

NRTI toxicities

A

Bone marrow suppression

Peripheral neuropathy

lactic acidosis

35
Q

Ethambutol mechanism

A

Blocks arabinoglycan synthesis

36
Q

Terbinafine use

A

Dermatophytes especially onychomycosis

37
Q

TMP toxicities

A

Treats Marrow Poorly

Megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia

37
Q

What can you not take with a fluoroquinolone

A

antacid

38
Q

vivid dreams and CNS symptoms in patient on HAART

A

efavirenz

39
Q

Griseofulvin mechanism

A

disrupts microtubule function

41
Q

Maraviroc mechanism

A

fusion inhibitor – binds CCR5, preventing interaction with gp120

42
Q

these NNRTI’s are contraindicated in pregnancy

A

efavirenz

delavirdine

43
Q

Clinical use for aztreonam

A

GNR only

Useful in PCN allergies and renal insufficiency

44
Q

IFN toxicity

A

neutropenia

myopathy

45
Q

Flucytosine mechanism

A

inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis by converting 5FU –> cytosine deaminase

46
Q

ribavirin toxicity

A

hemolytic anemia

teratogenic

47
Q

Clindamycin: cidal or static

A

static

48
Q

Terbinafine mechanism

A

inhibits squalene epoxidase (enzyme involved in ergosterol synthesis)

50
Q

Isoniazid mechanism

A

Decreases mycolic acid synthesis

51
Q

simeprevir mechanism

A

HCV protease inhibitor

52
Q

Azoles mechanism

A

Inhibits ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting cytochrome P450 enzyme

53
Q

Clindamycin mechanism

A

Blocks peptide transer (translocation) at 50S subunit

54
Q

Protease inhibitor toxicities

A

Nephropathy (indinavir)

hematuria (indinavir)

GI intolerance

hyperglycemia

lipodystrophy

(protease inhibitors mess up pee and poop)

56
Q

Chloramphenicol: cidal or static

A

static

57
Q

-navir drugs are what class

A

protease inhibitor

58
Q

raltegravir toxicity

A

increased CK

60
Q

Macrolide mechanism

A

Binds 50S, blocks translocation

61
Q

raltegravir mechanism

A

integrase inhibitor

62
Q

Permethrin mechanism

A

blocks Na channels

63
Q

Three toxicities of vancomycin

A

Nephro

Oto

Thrombophlebitis

65
Q

Doxycycline route of elimination

A

Feces

66
Q

treatment for CMV retinitis

A

ganciclovir

try foscarnet or cidofovir if ganciclovir fails

67
Q

Foscarnet and cidofovir mechanism

A

inhibits DNA polymerase

68
Q

-cyclovir toxicity

A

obstructive crystalline nephropathy

69
Q

Pyrazinamide toxicities

A

Hyperuricemia

Hepatotoxicity

70
Q

sofosbuvir mechanism

A

inhibits RNA polymerase in HCV

72
Q

Aminoglycoside ineffective against

A

anaerobes

73
Q

Foscarnet is a ___ analog?

A

pyrofosphate analog

74
Q

Fluoroquinolone mechanism

Cidal or static

A

Inhibit prokaryotic topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV

Cidal

75
Q

Rifampin 4 R’s

A

RNA polymerase inhibitor

Ramps up cytochrome P-450

Red/orange body fluids

Rapid resistance if used alone

76
Q

didanosine toxicity

A

general NRTI toxicities + pancreatitis

77
Q

Macrolide cidal or static

A

static

78
Q

Amphotericin B mechanism

A

binds ergosterol and forms membrane pores

“tears holes”

79
Q

NNRTI toxicity

A

rash, hepatotoxic

80
Q

Tetracyclines: cidal or static?

A

static

81
Q

Ethambutol toxicity

A

Optic neuropathy (Eye-thambutol)

83
Q

Ribavirin mechanism

A

blocks guanine nucleotide synthesis

inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor

84
Q

What is needed to convert isoniazid to active metabolite?

What encodes it?

A

bacterial catalase peroxidase

KatG

85
Q

Tx for ringworm, tinea

A

griseofulvin

86
Q

Daptomycin mechanism

A

Lipopeptide disrupts cell membrane

Cidal

Microbiology (5 decks)

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