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Pharm II > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

Fight infections

A

Antimicrobials

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2
Q

Kill organism

A

Biocidal

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3
Q

Neutralize/stunt growth and activity

A

Biostatic

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4
Q

These work solely on bacteria

A

Antibiotics

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5
Q

Range of bacteria the antibiotic is effective against

A

Spectrum of Action

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6
Q

Gram + stains

A

purple

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7
Q

Gram - stains

A

red/pink

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8
Q

3 shapes of bacteria

A
  1. coccus
  2. bacillus
  3. spirochete
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9
Q

Work on -‘s OR +’s

A

Narrow spectrum

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10
Q

Work on BOTH + and -

A

Broad spectrum

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11
Q

Works on bacteria that need O2

A

Aerobic

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12
Q

Works on bacteria that don’t need O2

A

Anaerobic

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13
Q

This type of test tells if the bacteria is resistant, intermediate, or susceptible

A

Agar Diffusion/Kirby Bauer

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14
Q

This type of test determines the lowest amount of the antibiotic given will deactivate or kill the bacteria

A

Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

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15
Q

Antibiotics should be taken

A

every day at the same time until it is gone

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16
Q

Can cause food allergies or antibiotic resistance

Should use caution with withdrawl times in food producing animals

A

Antibiotic residue

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17
Q

6 classes of antibiotics

A
  1. Cell wall agents
  2. Cell membrane agents (polypeptides)
  3. Protein synthesis agents
  4. Antimetabolites
  5. Nucleic Acid Agents
  6. Miscellaneous
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18
Q

Penicillins, cephalosporins, polypeptides, and glycopeptides are all classified as

A

Cell Wall Agents

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19
Q

This was discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming
Has a beta-lactam structure
Fairly newer drug

A

Penicillin

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20
Q

4 types of penicillin

A
  1. Natural
  2. Broad spectrum
  3. Beta-lacatamase resistant
  4. Potentiated
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21
Q

These type of penicillins are used most commonly in veterinary medicine
Derived from penicillin mold
Treats Gram + only

Ex: Penicillin G and Penicillin V

A

Natural Penicillins

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22
Q

Most common natural penicillin used

A

Procaine Pen G

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23
Q

The duration of Procaine Pen G

A

24 hrs

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24
Q

The duration of Benzathine pen G

A

5 days

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25
Q

Penicillins that Treat Gram + and Gram -
Most widely used

Ex: amoxicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, ticaricillin, piperacillin

A

Broad spectrum

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26
Q

Most common broad spectrum penicillin that comes in a tablet or liquid

A

amoxicillin

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27
Q

Enzyme made by bacteria that destroy the beta-lactame ring

A

Beta-lactamase

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28
Q

Beta-lactamase is AKA

A

Penicllinase

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29
Q

The working component of an antibiotic

A

Beta lactame ring

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30
Q

Resistant to beta-lactamase

Ex: oxacillin, dicloxacillin, cloxacillin, floxacillin

A

Beta-Lactamase Resistant Penicillin

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31
Q

Another drug is added to enhance a penicllin’s effect (acts as a bodyguard)

Ex: Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (Clavamox)

A

Potentiated Penicillins

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32
Q

These type of drugs are similar in structure and pharmacologically similar to penicillins
Have a beta-lactam ring
Developed in the 1960’s
4 generations of drugs

A

Cephalosporins

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33
Q

If a pt is allergic to __________ they will usually be allergic to cephalosporins

A

penicllins

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34
Q

Two most widely used generations of Cephalosporins

A

1st and 3rd

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35
Q

These Cephalosporins have the greatest bacteriocide and bacteriostatic activity but they are inactivated by beta-lactamase

Ex: cefazolin and cephalexin

A

First generation

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36
Q

These cephalosporins have a broad spectrum against G -, less G +

Ex: cefotoxin

A

Second generation

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37
Q

These cephalosporins have a broader spectrum of G - bacteria and are resistant to beta-lactamase

Ex: ceftiofur, cefovecin. and cefpodoxine

A

Third generation

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38
Q

These cephalosporins are similar to third generation

Ex: cefepime

A

Fourth generation

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39
Q

An injection of this cephalosporin lasts for 14 days

A

Cefovecin (Covenia)

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40
Q

These antimicrobials have no beta-lactam ring, are toxic to the kidneys when injected, and are usually administered via topical medication
Made of long chains of amino acids

Ex: polymyxcin B, bactracin

A

Polypeptides

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41
Q

Potentiated with neomycin to create neosporin

A

polypeptides

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42
Q

These antimicrobials treat infections that are resistant to penicillin and cephalosporins
Treat drug resistant staph
Rarely used in nonhumans because it is ototoxic

Ex: vancomycin

A

Glycopeptides

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43
Q

If a drug is ototoxic, it usually effects the

A

organ of corti hairs

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44
Q

These antimicrobials inhibit protein synthesis and stays within the GI tract when given orally
Can be nephrotoxic and ototoxic
Not for food producing animals
Used in any type of infection

Ex: gentamicin, amikacin, streptomycin, tobramycin, neomycin (Topical, Neosporin)

A

Aminoglycosides

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45
Q

These antimicrobials bind to Ca, so they should not be given to young animals because they can stunt growth
Used to treat tick borne agents (Rickettsial agents)

Ex: Doxycycline, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, minocycline

A

Tetracyclines

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46
Q

This type of antimicrobials are bacteriostatic and work by penetrating tissues and fluids
Banned in food producing animals
Can cause bone marrow suppression
WEAR GLOVES AND MASK WHEN DISPENSING

A

Chloramphenicol

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47
Q

Used in large animals only and administered in the neck region of bovines
Used to treat bovine respiratory infections

A

Florfenicol (Nuflor)

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48
Q

These type of antimicrobials are used to treat soft tissue infx or resp. infx
It’s a good substitute for penicillin allergies

Ex: Erythromycin, tylosin, azythromycin

A

Macrolides

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49
Q

This type of macrolide is dose dependent and treats penicillin-resistant infx

A

Erythromycin

50
Q

This macrolide is used to treat D+ in chicken and fowl

It is given in water

A

Tylosin

51
Q

This macrolide is derived from erythromycin and is used to treat UTI’s and Feline herpes

A

Azythromycin (Zithromax)

52
Q

Lincomycin and clindamycins are considered

A

lincosamides

53
Q

This lincosamide is used to treat dental infx in cats

A

Clindamycin

54
Q

These antimicrobials are formulated from sulfur

Can cause allergic rxns because of conjugation issues

A

Antimetabolites

55
Q

Sulfonamides are considered

A

Antimetabolites

56
Q

These are synthetic antimicrobials that are bacteriocidal when potentiated
Used to treat UTI, parasites, topical wounds, and abscesses
Can cause crystaluria, KCS, and skin rashes

Ex: sulfadimethoxine, sulfadiazine/trimethorprin, sulfadimethoxine/ormetroprim

A

Sulfonamides

57
Q

Used as a dewormer

A

sulfadimethoxine

58
Q

These antibiotics inhibit DNA function of bacteria without harming the host
Can be used in pocket pets

Ex: enrofloxacin, orbifloxacin, difloxacin, marbofloxacin, sarafloxacin, ciprofloxacin

A

Fluoroquinolones

59
Q

Enrofloxacin is AKA

A

Baytril

60
Q

The antibiotic of choice for pocket pets

A

Baytril (enrofloxacin)

61
Q

Used in large animals and can be carcinogenic
Prohibited in food producing animals

Ex: furazolidone, nitrofurazone, nitrofurantion

A

Nitrofurans

62
Q

Used as an antibiotic for aquatics, no longer available in the US

A

furazolidone

63
Q

Nitrofuran used in large animals for joint inflammation

Comes in a bright yellow cream

A

Nitrofurazone

64
Q

Used as an antidiarrheal, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal
Mostly used for K9 diarrhea

Ex: metronidazole (Flagyl)

A

Nitroimidazoles

65
Q

Specific drug used to treat K9 diarrhea

A

Flagyl (metronidazole)

66
Q

These type of antibiotics are used with erythromycin to disrupt RNA
Treats Rhodococcus equi in foals
Causes body fluids to turn orange

Ex: rifampin

A

Rifamycins

67
Q

2 groups of fungus

A

Yeast and mold

68
Q

Fungi are resistant to

A

antibiotics

69
Q

Type of antifungals that bind to fungal cell membrane and rips it apart

Ex: Nystatin and amphotericin B

A

Polyenes

70
Q

Most widely used antifungals

Ex: ketoconazole, miconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole

A

Imidazoles

71
Q

Weak antifungals

Ex: flucytosine

A

Antimetabolic Antifungals

72
Q

These antifungals are used for ringworm, athlete’s foot, and infx of the scalp and nails
Should be given with food
Possibly teratogenic

Ex: griseofulvin

A

Superficial Antifungals

73
Q

These prevent replication of viruses

Limited veterinary uses

A

Antivirals

74
Q

Used to treat herpes

A

Acylovir

75
Q

Used to treat herpes and FELV

A

interferon

76
Q

Removal/destruction of microbes

A

Sterilization

77
Q

Free of pathogens

A

Asepsis

78
Q

Removal of bacteria from inanimate objects

A

Disinfection

79
Q

Removal of bacteria from animate/living organisms

A

Antiseptic

80
Q

Physically removing organic materials

A

Sanitatizing

81
Q

Amount of time you allow a disinfectant/antiseptic to stay on a surface

A

Contact time

82
Q

What is a broad spectrum drug?

A

Fights G + AND - bacteria

83
Q

What is a narrow spectrum drug?

A

Fights G + OR - bacteria

84
Q

When bacteria change in some way to reduce or eliminate the effectiveness of the agent used to treat or prevent infection

A

Resistance

85
Q

Left over drug within tissues

A

Residue

86
Q

Beta-lactamase is AKA

A

Penicillinase

87
Q

A penicillin that is beta-lactamase resistant

A

oxacillin

88
Q

The administration difference between Pen G and Pen V

A

Pen G- injectable

Pen V- oral

89
Q

The molecular structure found in penicillin that allows for the interference with bacteria cell wall synthesis

A

Beta-Lactam ring

90
Q

The difference between antiseptic and disinfectant

A

Antiseptic - Animate objects

Disinfectant - Inanimate objects

91
Q

A drug considered an antidiarrheal/antibiotic/antiprotozoal

A

Metronidazol (Flagyl)

92
Q

Cefazolin is found in which generation of cephalosporins

A

1st

93
Q

Simplecef is found in which generation of cephalosporins

A

3rd

94
Q

Primary side effect of sulfonamides

A

Crystal uria

95
Q

To prevent crystal uria with the use of sulfonamides, it is recommended that the pet should

A

Drink more H2O

96
Q

Why would a dog be placed on a tetracycline?

A

To treat Rickettsial agents

97
Q

Why should tetracyclines be avoided in young animals and pregnant animals?

A

It binds to Ca, can stunt growth and turn teeth yellow

98
Q

A 14y/o cat was admitted to the hospital for a routine dental with possible extractions. Upon oral examination, the vet decided to extract two molars. What lincosamide would be prescribed?

A

Clindamycin

99
Q

Griseofulvin is used to treat

A

Ringworm/dermatophytes

100
Q

A 4y/o mastiff was prescribed an antibiotic for the treatment of meningitis. The owner called stating the dog was experiencing V/D. The owner described the dog’s urine as red-orange color. What antibiotic may he be on?

A

Rimfomycin

101
Q

What does it mean when a drug is potentiated?

A

It is combined with another drug to enhance effects

102
Q

A potentiated antibiotic

A

Clavamox

103
Q

An ototoxic aminoglycoside

A

Gentamicin

104
Q

What fluoroquinolone is safe to give to pocket pets?

A

Enrofloxacin

105
Q

Enrofloxacin is AKA

A

Baytril

106
Q

What is the concerning effect of taking chloramphenicol?

A

Bone marrow suppression

107
Q

Used to treat bovine respiratory dz

A

Flurophenicol

108
Q

The concerning side effect of amphotericin-B

A

Nephrotoxicity

109
Q

The glycopeptide used to treat drug-resistant Staph

A

vancomycin

110
Q

Kills germs

A

Germicide

111
Q

Kills bacteria

A

Bacteriacidal

112
Q

Antiviral used to treat FeLV in cats

A

interferon

113
Q

The antiviral that is specific for herpes virus infections and used to treat ocular feline herpes virus

A

aclovir

114
Q

What is critical to the efficacy of the disinfectant or antiseptic agent?

A

Contact time

115
Q

Chlorine is a

A

disinfectant

116
Q

Chlorhexadine is a

A

disinfectant and antiseptic

117
Q

Hydrogen peroxide is a

A

disinfectant and antiseptic

118
Q

Lysol is a

A

disinfectant

119
Q

Ethylene oxide is a

A

disinfectant

120
Q

Is ketokonazole an antibiotic or antifungal

A

antifungal

121
Q

Fungal infections are known as

A

mycoses

Pharm II (8 decks)

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