Antimicrobials Flashcards
Classify antimicrobial classes into water-soluble, lipid-soluble, and amphipathic
Water soluble:
* Beta lactams
* Penicillin, cephalosporins
* Almost all sulfonamides
* Aminoglycosides
Lipid Soluble:
* Florfenicol
* Macrolides
* Tetracyclines
* Lincosamides
* Trimethoprim/omentoprim
Amphipathic:
* Fluoroquinolones
What are static drugs and their requirements?
Static drugs hold bacteria in arrested states but may not kill. They require host immune defenses to be intact to kill microbes.
o Macrolides (tulathromycin/ Draxxin (liquid gold), erythromycin, clindamycin)
o Tetracyclines
o Chloramphenicol/ Florfenicol (Nuflor, also has a “gold”)
o Lincosamides
o Sulfonamides
List examples of static drugs.
- Macrolides
- Tetracyclines
- Chloramphenicol
- Florfenicol
- Lincosamides
- Sulfonamides
What are cidal drugs and when should they be used?
Cidal drugs can be used if the patient’s immune system is weakened or immature or if in a life-threatening situation.
List examples of cidal drugs.
- Penicillins
- Potentiated Sulfas
- Fluoroquinolones
- Aminoglycosides
Describe a common infection caused by an anaerobe and which drug class(es) would be least effective.
Common anaerobic infection: Foot rot. Least effective: Aminoglycosides.
Why are aminoglycosides ineffective at the site of anaerobic infection?
Aminoglycosides require oxygen for bacterial uptake.
What are the most effective drugs for anaerobic infections?
- Penicillin
- Aminoglycosides
- Sulfonamides
- Fluoroquinolones
What is a common infection caused by atypical bacteria and which drug class(es) would be least effective?
Atypical bacteria: Mycoplasma. Least effective: Beta-lactams.
List the preferred drug classes for atypical infections.
- Tetracyclines
- Macrolides
- Fluoroquinolones
- Florfenicol
Define metaphylaxis in veterinary medicine.
Use of antibiotics in a group of animals at high risk of developing disease.
List common drugs approved for metaphylaxis.
- Tulathromycin
- Tilmicosin
- Tildipirosin
- Gamithromycin
- Florfenicol
- Ceftiofur CFA
- Oxytetracycline
- Enrofloxacin
- Danofloxacin
When should metaphylaxis be used?
- Auction-sourced calves
- Recent weaning
- Long-distance transport
- High environmental stress
List antimicrobials for which there is NO allowable ELDU.
- Chloramphenicol
- Clenbuterol
- Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
- Nitroimidazoles
- Nitrofurans
- Fluoroquinolones
- Medicated feeds
What are the conditions for the legal use of ceftiofur antibiotics in an extra-label manner?
- Cannot change route of administration
- Cannot change dose
- Cannot change disease indication
- Must use a product approved for that species
True or False: Ceftiofur is allowed for extra-label use in major species.
False, restricted in major species.
