Antimicrobials Flashcards
What is the common goal of drugs used to treat infections?
selective toxicity
What is broad spectrum treatment?
drugs effective against a variety of bacteria
What is narrow spectrum treatment?
drugs that are specific to drugs that are specific to one type of bacteria
What are mechanisms of action of antibacterial drugs?
inhibition of cell wall synthesis and function
inhibition of bacteria protein synthesis
inhibition of RNA/DNA function
What are adverse effects of antibacterial drugs?
hypersensitivity reactions- skin rashes, itching, respiratory distress
GI problems- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
increased skin sensitivity to UV light
What are drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis?
penicillins
cephalosporins
carbapenems
How does penicillin work?
bind with specific enzymatic proteins within the bacteria cell wall
the cell wall becomes impaired and then dies
What is cephalosporin?
alternative to penicillin
drug of choice for certain UTIs
What are carbapenems?
similar to penicillin and cephalosporins but tend to have broader spectrum
What are drugs that inhibit protein synthesis?
aminoglycosides
erythromycin
tetracyclines
What is the MOA of drugs that prohibit protein synthesis?
bacterial cell membrane transport and metabolic function is impaired which leads to decreased bacterial growth and/or death
How do aminoglycosides work?
bind to bacterial ribosomes and cause changes in protein synthesis
causes death of target bacteria
What are adverse effects of aminoglycosides?
toxicity
kidney failure
____________ are part of a group of agents known as macrolide antibiotics.
Erythromycin
How does erythromycen work?
binds to ribosome
very broad spectrum
What are the adverse effects of erythromycin?
GI distress
liver toxicity
How does tetracycline work?
binds to ribosome
broad spectrum
What are adverse effects of tetracycline?
GI distress and hypersensitivity
may effect bone growth
What are drugs that inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis?
fluoroquinolones
rifamycins
sulfonamides
Side effects of drugs that inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis are similar to ______________.
drugs that inhibit protein synthesis
What are the two basic categories of viruses?
DNA
RNA
____________ are instrumental in controlling many viral infections.
Vaccines
What are acyclovir and valacyclovir?
effective against herpes, varicells, epstein-barr
topical and systemic uses
What are the adverse effects of acyclovir and valacyclovir?
local irritation from topical
prolonged use could cause:
headaches
dizziness
GI problems
What are amantadine and rimantadine?
treatment and prevention of influenza A
What are adverse effects of amantadine and rimantadine?
CNS symptoms:
confusion
mood changes
nervousness
dizziness
light-headedness
What are interferons?
group of proteins
immune response-enable healthy cells to resist infection
is not interchangeable with antivirals
What are Type I Alpha Interferons used for?
Hepatitis C
What are Type I Beta Interferons used for?
MS
