Antimicrobial Therapy Flashcards
Penicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitors are generally effective against…
(Gram positive and some gram negative aerobic bacteria and anaerobic bacteria)
Penicillins are generally effective against…
(Gram positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria)
Cephalexin and cefazolin are generally effective against…
(Gram positive aerobic bacteria; this portion is not bolded → also some gram negative aerobic bacteria but unpredictable activity against anaerobes)
Cefpodoxime and cefovecin are generally effective against…
(Gram negative aerobic bacteria; this portion is not bolded → also some gram positive aerobic bacteria and anaerobic bacteria)
What are some of the side effects of beta-lactam antibiotics?
(V/D, anorexia, hypersensitivity reactions (hives, facial swelling, fever, joint pain, anaphylaxis), and immune mediated blood dyscrasias)
Aminoglycosides (neomycin, streptomycin, gentamicin, amikacin, etc.) are particularly effective against…
(Aerobic gram negative bacilli such as E. coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Enterobacteria)
In infections involving what characteristics in particular should aminoglycosides be avoided?
(Abscesses or granulomatous infections → needs oxygen which also means poor activity against anaerobes in general)
What are the side effects of aminoglycosides?
(Nephrotoxicity (depends on individual drug, dosage, duration of therapy, patient’s state of hydration, and renal function) and ototoxicity)
Fluoroquinolones are primarily effective against…
(Gram negative aerobes and facultative anaerobic bacteria such as E. coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Pasteurella, Salmonella, and Bordetella; not bolded → also gets some gram positives)
What are the side effects of fluoroquinolones?
(V/D, anorexia, cartilaginous defects in young dogs, retinal blindness in cats when dosed >5 mg/kg/day, rapid IV infusion associated with hypotension, and seizures with excessively high doses)
Sulfonamides are generally effective against…
(Gram positive and gram negative aerobic bacteria)
Sulfonamides have poor activity against…
(Anaerobes)
What are the possible side effects of sulfonamides?
(Hypothyroidism, KCS, blood dyscrasias, polyarthritis, glomerulonephritis, hepatic necrosis; dobermans, samoyeds, and mini schnauzers may be more susceptible)
Macrolides are primarily effective against…
(Gram positive bacteria → Chlamydophila, Mycoplasma, Helicobacter, and Campylobacter)
Lincosamides are primarily effective against…
(Gram positive aerobic bacteria and anaerobic bacteria)
What is the side effect of most concern associated with lincosamides?
(Esophageal stricture, others are V/D, anorexia)
Metronidazole is primarily effective against…
(Anaerobic bacteria)
What are possible side effects of metronidazole?
(Anxiety and behavioral changes, vestibular signs)
Chloramphenicol is a broad spectrum antibiotic with activity against…
(Gram positive and gram negative bacteria, anaerobic bacteria; not bolded → some rickettsial pathogens)
Are cats or dogs more likely to experience the possible adverse effects of chloramphenicol (myelosuppression, V/D, anorexia)?
(Cats)
Tetracyclines are generally effective against…
(Gram positive and gram negative aerobic bacteria, tick-borne infections, feline chlamydiosis, Mycoplasma, salmon poisoning dz, and leptospirosis; not bolded → also some anaerobic bacteria)
What are the possible side effects of tetracyclines?
(V/D, anorexia, esophageal stricture, hepatotoxicity, and teeth discoloration if used in puppies and kittens)
What are some of the drugs that concentrate well in urine (so would be good for treating cystitis)?
(Penicillins, TMS, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, cephalosporins, and nitrofurantoin)
What drugs concentrate in the renal parenchyma?
(Fluoroquinolones and TMS)
