Antimicorbial Pt 1 Flashcards
What is the leading cause of death from infectious disease in the US?
Community acquired pneumonia
What type of infection is inappropriate for most antibiotic uses?
Upper respiratory illnesses
What are the four organism factors leading to infection?
Viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasite
What are the factors affecting the transmission of the organism?
Contact whether it’s in food, water or airborne, vertical or reservoir
How are bacteria classified?
By their morphology, meaning their shape color, Gram stain and metabolism
What are the shapes and arrangements of cocci
Round cells that exist, singly, in pairs, or in groups of four and chains clusters or cubes
What is bacilli shape and arrangement?
Rod shaped and can occur, singly, in pairs, or in chains
What is the shape and arrangement of spirilla?
They are curved bacteria shaped like a spiral
How are Gram positive bacteria seen on a stain
The walls of Gram positive bacteria have more peptoglycans than gram-negative so they retain the violet colored die when treated
How are gram-negative bacteria seen on a Gram stain?
Graham negative bacteria has thinner walls that allows the violet die to escape when washed with alcohol and the cell counterstain with a light red dye
Which bacterial species cannot be visualized by Gram stain because they lack a cell wall?
Mycoplasma
Which bacterial species cannot be seen on a gram stain because they do not retain the stain
Chlamydia
What are the common gram-positive violet stained bacteria?
Staphylococci streptococci and enterococci cornybacterium listeria, clostridium, and lactobacillus
What are the common gram-negative bacteria that stain pink?
Neisseria, moraxella, E. coli, Kendall’s, pseudomonas, salmonella, and vibrio
Define aerobic bacteria
Uses oxygen for cellular, respiration to generate energy for growth and metabolism
What are examples of formulative bacteria?
Vibrionaceae, enterovacteriacae, and pasteurellacaceae
Which type of bacteria are most likely to caused an abscess
Anaerobic
Define anaerobic bacteria
Cannot grow in the presence of oxygen their metabolism is fermentative type, and anaerobic infections tend to occur as localized collections of pus or abscesses
Define facultative bacteria
Bacteria that can switch between aerobic and anaerobic they are very versatile and prefer to utilize oxygen, but they can also metabolize in the absence of oxygen
What is antimicrobial susceptibility testing or AST?
It measures the ability of a specific organism to grow in the presence of a particular drug
What is the most common organism that causes otitis media?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What is the minimal inhibitory concentration or MIC?
The lowest concentration of an antibiotic that inhibits visible growth of a microorganism and is interpreted by a lab as susceptible resistant or intermediate
What does bacteriostatic mean?
Prevent the growth of bacteria and can be bactericidal at higher doses
What does bactericidal mean?
It kills the bacteria and is concentration and time dependent
What are broad spectrum antibiotics
Tetracycline aminoglycosides second and third generation cephalosporins, amoxicillin, and azithromycin
What are narrow spectrum antibiotics
Erythromycin, fidaxomicin, Clindamyosin, vancomycin, and sarecycline
Which class of antibiotics are less likely to cause a super infection
Narrow spectrum antibiotics because they do not kill the normal body flora
What is the most common organism that causes gastritis?
H pylori
What is the difference in bacteriacidal and bacteriastatic?
Bactericidal kills bacteria and eradicates infection and bacteria static inhibits the growth and reproduction of bacteria
Beta-lactam antibiotics act by inhibiting cell wall synthesis and eventually lyse the bacterial cell wall are these drugs, bacteriastatic or bacteriacidal
Bacteriacidal because once the cell wall is lysed the bacteria cannot survive
Tetracyclines target bacteria ribosomes they inhibit bacterial proteins synthesis before bacteria can even attempt a cell division. Are these drugs, bacterial static or bactericidal
Bacteria static the bacteria can still use the proteins they have, but they cannot replicate because they cannot make new proteins
What is an example of a natural or intrinsic resistance?
E. coli cell wall spores are too small for vancomyosin
What is acquired antibiotic resistance?
Resistance through spontaneous mutation, which is vertical transmission or by acquisition of genetic material from other bacteria, which is horizontal transmission
What is plasmid mediated resistance?
Bacteria that can pass along the resistance, vertically or horizontally
What are the four mechanisms of resistance?
Cell wall changes, drug inactivation, alteration of drug target molecules, efflux pump
What is an example of a bacteria that has developed an efflux pump?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
When choosing an appropriate antimicrobial agent for therapy of an infection, which factors should be considered?
The identity of the organism, susceptibility, or likelihood of susceptibility of the organism, and a series of patient factor should be known
Which identification method to determine the presence of bacterial and some fungal pathogens is considered the simplest and least expensive?
Gram stain preparation
What color is gram positive bacteria on gram stain
Purple
What color are gram negative on gram stain
Red stain
Which bacteria looks like grapes?
Cocci
What are the shape of diplococcus and which bacteria is it?
Double sphere and it is strep pneumonia
Which bacteria is rod shaped
Bacilli
What are the three classes of beta lactam antibiotics
Penicillin, cephalosporins, and carbapems
