Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1. Biology - Chapter 4 > Antigens and pathogens > Flashcards

Antigens and pathogens Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

antigens

A

molecules that interact with the cells of the immune system, they are capable of inducing an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the two types of antigens

A

self and non-self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

self antigens

A

antigens located on the surface of cells that originate from the organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the purpose of self-antigens

A

marks the cells of the organism as self which prevents the immune system eliciting a response against the, important self antigens can take the form of MHC proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

MHC proteins stand

A

major histocompatiubilty complex proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are MHC I proteins

A

proteins expressed on all nucleated cells (i.e. not red blood cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are MHC II proteins

A

proteins found on specialised cells of the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how are MHC proteins formed

A

each MHC marker contains a degraded peptide (part of a degraded protein) that was bound to it inside of the cell. The MHC marker is then moved to the plasma membrane abd presents it peptide on the surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

self vs non-self

A

self means cells and molecul;es that make up ur own body, non-self is anything else

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

non-self antigens

A

marks a cell/pathogen as forgein to the organism, proteins on the cells surface will induce an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

autoimmune disease

A

when the cells of the immune system incorrectly identify self antigens as non-self antigens and illicit an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what determines the blood type of an individual

A

the surface proteins found on their red blood cellst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

type o blood antibodies and antigens on red blood cells

A

antibodies; anti A and anti B, antigens: none

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

type A blood antibodies and antigens on red blood cells

A

antibodies; anti b, antigen; antigen a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

type B blood antibodies and antigens on red blood cells

A

antibodies; anti a antigen; antigen b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

type AB blood antibodies and antigens on red blood cells

A

antibodies; none antigens; antigen A and antigen B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why can a person with A type blood donate to a person with B type blood and vis versa and why cant o type blood recieve AB A and B

A

the B/A antigens on the blood surface will be recognised as non-self and will trigger as immune response due to anti b/anti a antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why can o group dopnate tpo anybody

A

there are no markers on their red blood cells top recognise as non-self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

can type AB recieve anthing

A

yes as they have no antibodiesd that will react with the A/B antigensd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the cellular pathogens

A

bacteria, fungi and protozoa - all unicellular, ticks and worms - all multicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the non-cellular pathogens

A

virus and prions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a pathogen

A

the causative agent of an infectiopus disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

structure of bacteria

A

prokayotic, contain a cell wall, use binary fission to reproduce, contain flagella to move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

why do bacteria infect

A

to gain nutrients from the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

when food supply runs low, bacteria form…

A

spores which can survive non-ideal conditions and varying temps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what makes bacteria toxic/pathogenic

A

when they release exotoxins and/or endotoxins and/or enzymes which either affect the functioning or cells or kills the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

exooxins

A

toxic compound released by bacteria into their environment and carried through the blood stream, more harmful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

endotoxins

A

toxic compound apart of the exterior wall of gram negative bacteria, is released when bacteria dies, lees harmful as contained within a cell until that cell dies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

gram negative bacteria

A

contain a lipid coat so doesnt release toxins but when it dies, toxins are released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how bacteria can be transmitted

A

contaminated food/water, touching, droplets in the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

bacterial infection treatment

A

antibiotics - can be determined which antibiotic will be effective against the specific type of bacteria through sensitivity testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how do antibiotics work

A

interfering with the making of the bacterial cell wall, some stop production of important chemicals/ proteins needed by the bacteria by interrupting translation, some interefere with the genetic material of the bacteria, causing it to stop dividing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

rod shaped bacteria are called

A

bacillus

34
Q

sphere shaped bacteria are called

A

coccus

35
Q

spiral shaped bacteria are called

A

spirillus

36
Q

how does sensitivity work/what happens

A

discs of antibiotics are placed in agar that is infused with the bacteria, the size of the zone of inhibition (no bacteria growth) determines the effectiveness of the antibiotic

37
Q

bacterial infection prevention methods

A

antisectips and disinfectant

38
Q

disinfectantt

A

a chemical agent that destroys, neutralises or inhibits the grow of microorganisms on non-living surfaces

39
Q

antisectics

A

a chemical agent that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms on the external surface of the body

40
Q

what bbacteria are non-pathogenic

A

many are beneficial including species that live in the gut and/or intestine and help with digestion

41
Q

fungi structure

A

contain a cell wall different to prokaryotes and plant cells, eukaryotic, can be unicellular or multicellular, contain long branching filaments called hyphae

42
Q

hyphae

A

long extensions found on fungi that develops specialised structures that produce asexual spores via mitosis

43
Q

how does fungi infect humans

A

infect the skin, nails and hair and can also produce toxins

44
Q

how does fungi infect plants

A

usually only in one area of the plant,

45
Q

fungi harm in plants vs human

A

more harmful in plants, most fungal diseases in humans are non-life threatening unless they are immuno compromised

46
Q

how is fungi transmitted

A

contact with an infected person, contact with spores which are transferred through the air

47
Q

how if fungi treated

A

fungicide

48
Q

fungicide

A

kills or inhibits the fungus or the fungal spores

49
Q

protista structure

A

unicellular, eukaryotic, can produce a capsule called a cyst to avoid drying out and to survive in harsh conditions

50
Q

what protista is harmful

A

not all, those that are may inhibit nucleaic acid synthesis or/and protein synthesis or/and various stages of cellular respiratipn

51
Q

how is protista transmitted

A

through a vector, contaminated water

52
Q

examples of multicellular pathogens

A

ticks, mites and worms

53
Q

parasite

A

fall under multicellular pathogens, an organism that lives on or in another organism (host) and takes resources from the host to its detrement

53
Q

multicellular pathogens have adaptations to

A

survive in the hermaphrodite, piecrcing parts and more than one host in a lifetime; can produce many eggs, have hooks and suckers

54
Q

primary hosts

A

where the adult produces eggs/gametes, parasite matures to adult stage, sexual reproduction may occur

55
Q

two types of hosts

A

primary host and intermeidate host

56
Q

intermediate host

A

where an immature parasite develops, but not to sexual maturity

57
Q

two types of parasites

A

ectoparasites and endoparasites

58
Q

ectoparasite

A

found on and affect the outside of tthe body e.g. ticks

58
Q

endoparasite

A

found on and affect the inside of the body e.g. tape worm

59
Q

structure of a virus

A

contain DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat (capsid),some viruses have a phospholipid memebrane surrounding the capsid, have glycoproteins on the outer envelope, which are specific to the virus and are recognised as antigen markers

60
Q

how can viruses be transmitted

A

water droplets in air, saliva, bodily fluid, insect vectors

61
Q

how are viruses classified

A

by the type of nucleaic acid they have and the different structures that make up the envelope

62
Q

what is the general process of a virus infecting a cell

A

virus comes into contact with host cell, attaches to host cell, inserts its own genetic material, infected host begins to follow the genetic materials instructions producing viral protein and more genetic material, some viruses remain dormant inside the host cell for a very long time, once the host cell bursts, it releases the virus and all copies made and then dies

63
Q

what are the two types of viruses

A

positive sense and negative sense

64
Q

what are retroviruses

A

viruses that insert negative sense rna intoo the host

65
Q

how do retroviruses replicate

A

insert negative sense rna into the host, enzymes transcribe it backward into dna and intergrate it into the cells genome

66
Q

how to positive sense rna viruses replicate

A

their rna is inserted into the cell but does not get reverse transcribed into DNA, it is read directly by tRNA

67
Q

how are viruses treated

A

through antiviral drugs

68
Q

how do antiviral drugs work

A

can block protein synthesis and///or bind to receptors on the virus that are designed to detach from the host cell and/or bind with host cell receptors blocking the area where the virus would attach

69
Q

why are antiviral drugs difficult to design

A

because the virus uses a host cell and it is difficult to design a drug that doesn’t harm the organisms cells

70
Q

what does HIV stand

A

Human immunodeficiency Virus

71
Q

how is HIV transmitted

A

through blood, breat milk, sharing needles, semen or vaginal fluids, most commonly through unprotected sex

72
Q

what are the effects of HIV

A

damages the immune system by infecting helper t cells, macrophagges and other immune system cells, initiates apoptosis in unaffected bystander cells, destroys host cells after using them, can lead to aid (final stage of HIV infection)

73
Q

AIDS stands for

A

acquired immunodefifiency syndrome

74
Q

what are prions

A

misfolded proteins that have lost their fuunction, occur in neural tissue

75
Q

how do prions arise

A

cells have the gene/s to make the normal prion protein, however a mutation to that gene results in an infectious protien

76
Q

how/how is a prion harmful

A

prion protein has an unusual shape which allows it to bind to the normal prion protein, the normal prion protein is then converted into an infectious protein, they then do convert normal nearby proteins whilst remaining attached, the infectious prion protein accumulates, forming a long filament, causing the cell to burst

77
Q

how are prions transmitted

A

eating contaminated meat, contaminated surgical equipment

78
Q

what are the methods to controlling the spread of pathogens

A

personal hygiene, condoms, quarantine, cleaning up the environment, sanatation, immunization, disinfectants and sterilisation

1. Biology - Chapter 4 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions