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1. Biology - Chapter 4 > Antigens and pathogens > Flashcards

Antigens and pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

antigens

A

molecules that interact with the cells of the immune system, they are capable of inducing an immune response

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2
Q

what are the two types of antigens

A

self and non-self

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3
Q

self antigens

A

antigens located on the surface of cells that originate from the organism

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4
Q

what is the purpose of self-antigens

A

marks the cells of the organism as self which prevents the immune system eliciting a response against the, important self antigens can take the form of MHC proteins

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5
Q

MHC proteins stand

A

major histocompatiubilty complex proteins

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6
Q

what are MHC I proteins

A

proteins expressed on all nucleated cells (i.e. not red blood cells)

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7
Q

what are MHC II proteins

A

proteins found on specialised cells of the immune system

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8
Q

how are MHC proteins formed

A

each MHC marker contains a degraded peptide (part of a degraded protein) that was bound to it inside of the cell. The MHC marker is then moved to the plasma membrane abd presents it peptide on the surface

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9
Q

self vs non-self

A

self means cells and molecul;es that make up ur own body, non-self is anything else

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10
Q

non-self antigens

A

marks a cell/pathogen as forgein to the organism, proteins on the cells surface will induce an immune response

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11
Q

autoimmune disease

A

when the cells of the immune system incorrectly identify self antigens as non-self antigens and illicit an immune response

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12
Q

what determines the blood type of an individual

A

the surface proteins found on their red blood cellst

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13
Q

type o blood antibodies and antigens on red blood cells

A

antibodies; anti A and anti B, antigens: none

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14
Q

type A blood antibodies and antigens on red blood cells

A

antibodies; anti b, antigen; antigen a

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15
Q

type B blood antibodies and antigens on red blood cells

A

antibodies; anti a antigen; antigen b

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16
Q

type AB blood antibodies and antigens on red blood cells

A

antibodies; none antigens; antigen A and antigen B

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17
Q

why can a person with A type blood donate to a person with B type blood and vis versa and why cant o type blood recieve AB A and B

A

the B/A antigens on the blood surface will be recognised as non-self and will trigger as immune response due to anti b/anti a antibodies

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18
Q

why can o group dopnate tpo anybody

A

there are no markers on their red blood cells top recognise as non-self

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19
Q

can type AB recieve anthing

A

yes as they have no antibodiesd that will react with the A/B antigensd

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20
Q

what are the cellular pathogens

A

bacteria, fungi and protozoa - all unicellular, ticks and worms - all multicellular

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21
Q

what are the non-cellular pathogens

A

virus and prions

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22
Q

what is a pathogen

A

the causative agent of an infectiopus disease

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23
Q

structure of bacteria

A

prokayotic, contain a cell wall, use binary fission to reproduce, contain flagella to move

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24
Q

why do bacteria infect

A

to gain nutrients from the host

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25
when food supply runs low, bacteria form...
spores which can survive non-ideal conditions and varying temps
26
what makes bacteria toxic/pathogenic
when they release exotoxins and/or endotoxins and/or enzymes which either affect the functioning or cells or kills the cells
27
exooxins
toxic compound released by bacteria into their environment and carried through the blood stream, more harmful
28
endotoxins
toxic compound apart of the exterior wall of gram negative bacteria, is released when bacteria dies, lees harmful as contained within a cell until that cell dies
29
gram negative bacteria
contain a lipid coat so doesnt release toxins but when it dies, toxins are released
30
how bacteria can be transmitted
contaminated food/water, touching, droplets in the air
31
bacterial infection treatment
antibiotics - can be determined which antibiotic will be effective against the specific type of bacteria through sensitivity testing
32
how do antibiotics work
interfering with the making of the bacterial cell wall, some stop production of important chemicals/ proteins needed by the bacteria by interrupting translation, some interefere with the genetic material of the bacteria, causing it to stop dividing
33
rod shaped bacteria are called
bacillus
34
sphere shaped bacteria are called
coccus
35
spiral shaped bacteria are called
spirillus
36
how does sensitivity work/what happens
discs of antibiotics are placed in agar that is infused with the bacteria, the size of the zone of inhibition (no bacteria growth) determines the effectiveness of the antibiotic
37
bacterial infection prevention methods
antisectips and disinfectant
38
disinfectantt
a chemical agent that destroys, neutralises or inhibits the grow of microorganisms on non-living surfaces
39
antisectics
a chemical agent that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms on the external surface of the body
40
what bbacteria are non-pathogenic
many are beneficial including species that live in the gut and/or intestine and help with digestion
41
fungi structure
contain a cell wall different to prokaryotes and plant cells, eukaryotic, can be unicellular or multicellular, contain long branching filaments called hyphae
42
hyphae
long extensions found on fungi that develops specialised structures that produce asexual spores via mitosis
43
how does fungi infect humans
infect the skin, nails and hair and can also produce toxins
44
how does fungi infect plants
usually only in one area of the plant,
45
fungi harm in plants vs human
more harmful in plants, most fungal diseases in humans are non-life threatening unless they are immuno compromised
46
how is fungi transmitted
contact with an infected person, contact with spores which are transferred through the air
47
how if fungi treated
fungicide
48
fungicide
kills or inhibits the fungus or the fungal spores
49
protista structure
unicellular, eukaryotic, can produce a capsule called a cyst to avoid drying out and to survive in harsh conditions
50
what protista is harmful
not all, those that are may inhibit nucleaic acid synthesis or/and protein synthesis or/and various stages of cellular respiratipn
51
how is protista transmitted
through a vector, contaminated water
52
examples of multicellular pathogens
ticks, mites and worms
53
parasite
fall under multicellular pathogens, an organism that lives on or in another organism (host) and takes resources from the host to its detrement
53
multicellular pathogens have adaptations to
survive in the hermaphrodite, piecrcing parts and more than one host in a lifetime; can produce many eggs, have hooks and suckers
54
primary hosts
where the adult produces eggs/gametes, parasite matures to adult stage, sexual reproduction may occur
55
two types of hosts
primary host and intermeidate host
56
intermediate host
where an immature parasite develops, but not to sexual maturity
57
two types of parasites
ectoparasites and endoparasites
58
ectoparasite
found on and affect the outside of tthe body e.g. ticks
58
endoparasite
found on and affect the inside of the body e.g. tape worm
59
structure of a virus
contain DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat (capsid),some viruses have a phospholipid memebrane surrounding the capsid, have glycoproteins on the outer envelope, which are specific to the virus and are recognised as antigen markers
60
how can viruses be transmitted
water droplets in air, saliva, bodily fluid, insect vectors
61
how are viruses classified
by the type of nucleaic acid they have and the different structures that make up the envelope
62
what is the general process of a virus infecting a cell
virus comes into contact with host cell, attaches to host cell, inserts its own genetic material, infected host begins to follow the genetic materials instructions producing viral protein and more genetic material, some viruses remain dormant inside the host cell for a very long time, once the host cell bursts, it releases the virus and all copies made and then dies
63
what are the two types of viruses
positive sense and negative sense
64
what are retroviruses
viruses that insert negative sense rna intoo the host
65
how do retroviruses replicate
insert negative sense rna into the host, enzymes transcribe it backward into dna and intergrate it into the cells genome
66
how to positive sense rna viruses replicate
their rna is inserted into the cell but does not get reverse transcribed into DNA, it is read directly by tRNA
67
how are viruses treated
through antiviral drugs
68
how do antiviral drugs work
can block protein synthesis and///or bind to receptors on the virus that are designed to detach from the host cell and/or bind with host cell receptors blocking the area where the virus would attach
69
why are antiviral drugs difficult to design
because the virus uses a host cell and it is difficult to design a drug that doesn't harm the organisms cells
70
what does HIV stand
Human immunodeficiency Virus
71
how is HIV transmitted
through blood, breat milk, sharing needles, semen or vaginal fluids, most commonly through unprotected sex
72
what are the effects of HIV
damages the immune system by infecting helper t cells, macrophagges and other immune system cells, initiates apoptosis in unaffected bystander cells, destroys host cells after using them, can lead to aid (final stage of HIV infection)
73
AIDS stands for
acquired immunodefifiency syndrome
74
what are prions
misfolded proteins that have lost their fuunction, occur in neural tissue
75
how do prions arise
cells have the gene/s to make the normal prion protein, however a mutation to that gene results in an infectious protien
76
how/how is a prion harmful
prion protein has an unusual shape which allows it to bind to the normal prion protein, the normal prion protein is then converted into an infectious protein, they then do convert normal nearby proteins whilst remaining attached, the infectious prion protein accumulates, forming a long filament, causing the cell to burst
77
how are prions transmitted
eating contaminated meat, contaminated surgical equipment
78
what are the methods to controlling the spread of pathogens
personal hygiene, condoms, quarantine, cleaning up the environment, sanatation, immunization, disinfectants and sterilisation

1. Biology - Chapter 4 (6 decks)

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