antidiabetic drugs Flashcards
diabetes, insulins
pancreas
endocrine and exocrine organ
glucagon
hormone
alpha cells in islets of langerhans
glycogenolysis
low blood sugar
insulin
beta cells in islets of langerhans
binds to receptor and allows glucose entry to the cells
high blood sugar
diabetes mellitus
endocrine dysfunction
glucose excreted in urine
disorder of carb, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from lack of insulin
type 1
autoimmune due to little to no insulin produced
Always requires insulin
Typically have normal receptors
Beta cells do not work properly
type 2
r/t obesity: cells not sensitive to insulin
S/S of hyperglycemia
Elevated fasting BG > 126 mg/dL
Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) level greater than or equal to 6.5% (diabetics need to be less than 7)
Polyuria (urination)
Polydipsia (thirst)
Polyphagia (hunger)
Glycosuria
acute DM
DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis) – more common in type 1
HHS (hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome)
chronic DM
Obesity
Heart disease
Dyslipidemia
Hypertension
Kidney disease
glycemic goal of treatment (tx)
HBA1C < 7%
fasting BG goal: 70-110 mg/dL
type 1 tx
insulin
type 2 tx
Lifestyle changes
Oral drug therapy
Insulin when the above are no longer effective
antidiabetic drugs
insulin
oral hypoglycemics
new injectable hypoglycemics
insulin MOA
binds to receptor to let glucose in
substitute for endogenous hormone
insulin results
decrease BG
metabolize carbs, fat, and proteins
store glucose in the liver
convert glycogen to fat stores
