Anticeptics and Disinfections Flashcards
disinfectant
Antimicrobial agent that is intended to be used on inanimate objects
antiseptic
Antimicrobial agent that is intended to be used on living tissue
what are examples of phenolic groups
cresol, xylenols or thiophenyl phenols
what do phenolic groups do?
denature proteins and disrupt cell membranes
what are examples of alcohols?
ethanols, isopropanol (60-70%)
what do alcohol groups do?
denature proteins and dissolve membrane lipids
what are examples of halogens?
iodine and chloride
what does the halogen iodine do?
oxidizes cell components and found in tincture structures
tincture
2% or more iodine in a water ethanol solution of potassium iodide.
idophors
preparation containing iodine complexed with a solubilizing agent that is water soluable and nonstaining
what are forms of chlorine?
chlorine gas, sodium hypochroide, calcuim hypochlorite (hypochlorous acid)
examples of heavy metals
mercury, arsenic, zinc, silver, copper
forms of silver
silver nitrate, silver sulfadiazine, silver ions
what is silver used for/ traits?
helps with infections and has multiple targets
what are silvers targets?
cell wall. cell membrane, crosslinking proteins, and dispupting nucleic acids
what is an example of a Quaternary ammonium compounds
detergents
amphipathic
having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.
are detergents amphipathic?
yes
what are examples of aldehydes?
formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde
what are requirements anitseptics have to meet?
reasonable cost
colorless
odorless
solubility
stability
effectiveness against bacteria
what is a mechanism for studying effectiveness against bacteria?
phenol coefficient
how is the phenol coefficient calculated?
highest dilution of agent that kills after 10 minutes divided BY highest dilution of phenol that kills in 10 minutes.
how do you interpret the results of the phenol coefficient?
greater than –> agent is more effective
equal to 1 –> just as effective
less than 1 –> not as effective a phenol
antibiotic
a group of compounds originally produced by the metabolic reactions of microorganisms that kill or inhibit the multiplication of other microbes.
what are the most common genus of bacteria that have produced a good amount of antibiotics we use today?
streptomyces and bacillus
traits of antibiotics
selectively toxic
what does antibiotic resistance come down to?
genetics
what are 5 things that make bacteria resistant to antibiotics?
-organisms lacks the target
-organisms is impermiable to the antibiotic
-organism can alter the antibiotic making it inactive.
-alters the target of the antibiotic
-organisms can pump out the antibiotic
what can an organisms use to pump out antibiotics make it resistant?
efflux pumps
why are antibiotic not working as well?
-overuse in agriculture (in animal feed)
-using antibiotics when you have a viral infection/ no identification occurs anymore
-patients discontinue the use of the antibiotic once they start to feel better
why is it bad for patients to discontinue the use of antibiotics once they start feeling better?
you are leaving pathogenic bacteria in your system which can make your more susceptible to other infections
what can we do to limit the spread of antibiotic resistance?
-wash our hands
-talk about the general education of bacterial spread
- cycle antibiotics we take
-limit agricultural surveillance
what kind of agar does the kirby- bauer antibiotic susceptibility testing use?
Mueller- hinton agar
what size dish do you use when preforming the Kirby- Bauer antibiotic susceptibility test?
15cm dish
what would you see if your bacteria was susceptible?
a zone of clearing around the antibiotic disk
