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1.1 Introduction To Biomedical Science > Antibodies > Flashcards

Antibodies Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Antibodies are proteins produced by the body’s immune system in response to a foreign substance?

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2
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A foreign substance

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3
Q

Describe the structure of antibodies.

A

They are Immunoglobulin proteins (Ig)

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4
Q

What produces antibodies?

A

Plasma cells

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5
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

They didn’t fight infection

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6
Q

How do antibodies fight infection?

A

They neutralise pathogenic micro-organisms

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7
Q

Where are antibodies found?

A

They are found in blood and body fluids and on B lymphocyte cell surfaces

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8
Q

What do memory cells do?

A

They are able to be activated to produce antibody when the individual is exposed to the antigen again

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9
Q

What is an epitope?

A

The smallest part of the antigen to which an antibody can be produced

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10
Q

Give an example of an antigen.

A

The Hepatitis B virus

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11
Q

What part of the Hepatitis B virus causes the production of an antibody?
(2)

A

Core proteins or surface proteins

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12
Q

What are antibodies composed of?

A

Heavy chains and light chains

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13
Q

What is found at the tip of the chains of an antibody?

A

The variable region

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14
Q

What is a variable region?

A

Its specific for binding to the specific antigen to which it has been produced

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15
Q

How many human antibodies are there?

A

Five

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16
Q

What are the five human antibodies?

A 
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgG
IgE
17
Q

What is the pneumonic for remembering the five human antibodies?

A

MADGE

18
Q

What does IgG do?

A

It has an important role in immunity to pathogens

19
Q

How many subtypes are there of IgG?

A

Four

20
Q

What does IgD do?

A

The function is unclear but it is found on B cells

21
Q

What does IgE do?

2

A

It binds to allergens

Triggers histamine release from mast cells

22
Q

Describe the structure of IgG, IgD, IgE.

A

Monomer Ig

23
Q

Which Immunoglobulins are monomers?

A

IgG

IgD

IgE

24
Q

Describe the structure of IgA.

A

Dimer structure

25
Q

What is a dimer structure?

A

Two antibody molecules

26
Q

Where is IgA found?

A

Found secreted in saliva, tears, breast milk and mucosal surfaces (gut, respiratory and urinary tract)

27
Q

What is special about the structure of IgA?

A

It has a j chain

28
Q

What is the function of a J chain?

A

It is the secretory component of IgA

29
Q

What is the structure of IgM?

A

Pentameric structure

30
Q

How many Ig are in a pentameric structure?

A

5 Ig

31
Q

When is IgM used?

A

Usually occurs as a response to foreign antigen, prior to IgG

32
Q

How are antibodies used in electrophoresis?

2

A

Raised Ig level in some diseases e.g. IgA raised in alcoholic hepatitis

Deficiency of Ig in some immune disorders e.g. hypo-gammaglobulinaemia results in low levels of all Ig isotypes

33
Q

What does ELISA stand for?

A

Enzyme-linked ImmunoSorbent Assay ELISA

34
Q

Explain how an ELISA works.

3

A

Use microtitre plate and capture antigen in well

Antibody (with enzyme attached) added to this well

Enzyme-conjugated antibody binds, the enzyme reacts with a substrate to create a colour at site of positives

35
Q

How can antibodies be used to detect auto-immune diseases?

A

In autoimmune conditions your body can produce auto-antibodies which can be detected

36
Q

Give four example of auto-antibodies.

A

Anti-nuclear antibodies

Anti collagen

Anti-smooth muscle

Anti mitochondrial

37
Q

How can antibodies be used in Transfusion Science Laboratories?

A

antibodies are used to determines ones blood type e.g. blood group O have antibody to blood group A and blood group B

1.1 Introduction To Biomedical Science (11 decks)

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