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PHARMACOLOGY - Antibiotics and Immunosuppressives > Antibiotics List for Exam 1 CMOD > Flashcards

Antibiotics List for Exam 1 CMOD Flashcards

1
Q 
CIPROFLOXACIN
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

Fluroquinolones
• MOA
o Bind and inhibit DNA gyrase (aka topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV.
o Inhibit DURING cutting step, preventing Reattachment
o DNA fragments accumulate leading to cell death
• Bacteria: E. COLI (resistance emerging), PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
• Bactericidal

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2
Q 
Levofloxacin
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

• Fluroquinolones
• MOA
o Bind and inhibit DNA gyrase (aka topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV.
o Inhibit DURING cutting step, preventing Reattachment
o DNA fragments accumulate leading to cell death
• Bacteria: E.coli?, Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
• Bactericidal

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3
Q 
RIFAMPIN
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

• Rifamycin
• MOA
o Bind PROKARYOTIC specific RNA polymerase
o Prevents initiation of RNA synthesis but not elongation
• Easily crosses lipophilic surfaces important for treatment of:
o Mycobacteria (mycolic acid walls) – MYCOBACTERIUM TB
o Staphlococcus Epidermidis and Aureus (Biofilm)
o Bacterial Meningitis (BBB penetration)
o Enters phagocytic cells
• Bactericidal

*Prevents INITIATION of RNA synthesis

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4
Q 
Rifaximin
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

• Rifamycin
• MOA
o Bind PROKARYOTIC specific RNA polymerase
o Prevents initiation of RNA synthesis but not elongation
• Easily crosses lipophilic surfaces important for treatment of:
o Mycobacteria (mycolic acid walls)
o Staphlococcus Epidermidis and Aureus (Biofilm)
o Bacterial Meningitis (BBB penetration)
o Enters phagocytic cells
• Bactericidal

*Prevents INITIATION of RNA synthesis

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5
Q 
METRONIDAZOLE
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

• Nitroimidazole
• MOA
o Pro-drug – must first be reduced by ferredoxin (a nitroreductase) which turns the nitroimidazole in to a toxic radical the FRAGMENTS DNA.
o Ferredoxin only used in ANAEROBIC bacteria
• Bacteria: Only effective against anaerobes
• Bactericidal

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6
Q 
COTRIMOXAZOLE
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

• DHFR Inhibitor/Sulfonamide combination drug of trimethroprim and sulfamethoxazole
• MOA
o Trimethroprim – inhibits PROKARYOTIC DHFR
o Sulfonamide - prevents step 1 of THF acid synthesis by preventing PABA and Pteridine reaction via Pteridine Synthetase
• Bacteria: E. COLI , Pneumocystis Jiroveci
• Bactericidal

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7
Q 
Trimethoprim
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A 
•	DHFR inhibitor 
•	 MOA
o	Inhibition of PROKARYOTIC DHFR 
•	Bacteria: ??
•	Bactericidal
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8
Q 
Sulfamethoxazole
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A 
•	 Sulfonamide 
•	 MOA
o	Inhibits step 1 of THF/DHF acid synthesis by preventing PABA and pteridine reaction via Pteridine Synthase inhibition 
•	 Bacteria: ??
•	Bactericidal
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9
Q 
DAPTOMYCIN
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific) 
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

• Lipopeptide Antibiotic
• Bind to bacterial membranes and cause rapid depolarization of membrane potential ultimately DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis failed leading to cell death
o NOT effective in lungs due to Surfactant
• Bacteria: Gram (+) bacteria
• Bactericidal

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10
Q 
FIDAXOMICIN
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

C. Diff Drug
• MOA
o inhibits RNA synthesis by inhibiting sigma dependent transcription
• Bacteria: pseudomembranous colitis (C. Diff)

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11
Q 
Nitroflurantoin
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A 
•	 Broad-Spectrum 
•	MOA
o	Get reduced by flavoproteins then alter ribosomes and other macromolecules 
•	 Bacteria: ??
•	Bactericidal

***only reaches therapeutic concentrations IN URINE

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12
Q 
GENTAMICIN	
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

Aminoglycoside
• MOA
o Initial action: Deterioration of outer membrane
o Low Conc.: bind to 30S and cause misreading
o High Conc.: trap ribosome at AUG and prevent any translation
• Bacteria: gram (-) aerobes, Pseudomonas
• Bactericidal

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13
Q 
Amikacin
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

• Aminoglycoside
• MOA
o Initial action: Deterioration of outer membrane
o Low Conc.: bind to 30S and cause misreading
o High Conc.: trap ribosome at AUG and prevent any translation
• Bacteria: gram (-) aerobes, Pseudomonas
• Bactericidal

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14
Q 
Neomycin
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

• Aminoglycoside
• MOA
o Initial action: Deterioration of outer membrane
o Low Conc.: bind to 30S and cause misreading
o High Conc.: trap ribosome at AUG and prevent any translation
• Bacteria: gram (-) aerobes, Pseudomonas
• Bactericidal

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15
Q 
Streptomycin
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

• Aminoglycoside
• MOA
o Initial action: Deterioration of outer membrane
o Low Conc.: bind to 30S and cause misreading
o High Conc.: trap ribosome at AUG and prevent any translation
• Bacteria: gram (-) aerobes, Pseudomonas
• Bactericidal

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16
Q 
Tobramycin
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

• Aminoglycoside
• MOA
o Initial action: Deterioration of outer membrane
o Low Conc.: bind to 30S and cause misreading
o High Conc.: trap ribosome at AUG and prevent any translation
• Bacteria: gram (-) aerobes, Pseudomonas
• Bactericidal

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17
Q 
AZITHROMYCIN
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

• Macrolides
• MOA
o Bind to 50S RSU (23S RNA part) and prevent AA transfer to new chain by blocking peptidyl Transferase
o Phagocytosed so may be carried by macrophages to infection site
• Bacteria: gram (-), gram (+)
• [low] = Bacteriostatic [high] = Bactericidal

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18
Q 
CLARITHROMYCIN
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

• Macrolides
• MOA
o Bind to 50S RSU (23S RNA part) and prevent AA transfer to new chain by blocking peptidyl Transferase
o Phagocytosed so may be carried by macrophages to infection site
• Bacteria: gram (-), gram (+)
• [low] = Bacteriostatic [high] = Bactericidal

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19
Q 
ERYTHROMYCIN
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

• Macrolides Least stable of macrolides, labile in stomach acid
• MOA
o Bind to 50S RSU (23S RNA part) and prevent AA transfer to new chain by blocking peptidyl Transferase
o Phagocytosed so may be carried by macrophages to infection site
• Bacteria: MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE, gram (-), gram (+)
• [low] = Bacteriostatic [high] = Bactericidal

20
Q 
Quinpupristin/dalfopristin 
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

Streptogramins
• MOA:
o 50S binding of both (near where macrolides bind) close binding leads to SYNERGISTIC effect
• Bacteria: ??
• Bactericidal - if synergistic binding of both occurs

21
Q 
CLINDAMYCIN
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

Lincosamides
• MOA:
o 50S RSU binding at 23S RNA part (PEPTIDYL TRANSFERASE) and cause premature dissociation of peptidyl -tRNA
• Bacteria: MRSA – when used in conjunction with vacomycin, gram (+), anaerobes
• Bacteriostatic

Useful in Toxin Producing Infections because it prevents toxin production and slows bacterial growth

22
Q 
LINEZOLID 
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

• MOA
o bind 50S ribosome at UNIQUE SITE protein synthesis inhibitor
o NO CROSS RESISTANCE
• Bacteria: MRSA

23
Q 
DOXYCYCLINE
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

• Tetracyclines
• MOA
o Bind 30S RSU (16S part) and inhibit protein synthesis by weaking ribosome-tRNA interaction
• Bacteria: gram (+), gram (-), some anaerobes
• Bacterstatic

*Mammals lack the ability to take it up so this helps with selectivity

24
Q 
TIGECYCLINE
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

• Tetracyclines
• MOA
o Bind 30S RSU (16S part) and inhibit protein synthesis by weaking ribosome-tRNA interaction
• Bacteria: gram (+), gram (-), some anaerobes
• Bacterstatic

*Mammals lack the ability to take it up so this helps with selectivity

25
Q 
Minocycline
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

• Tetracyclines
• MOA
o Bind 30S RSU (16S part) and inhibit protein synthesis by weaking ribosome-tRNA interaction
• Bacteria: gram (+), gram (+), some anaerobes
• Bacterstatic

*Mammals lack the ability to take it up so this helps with selectivity

26
Q 
Tetracycline 
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

Tetracyclines
• MOA
o Bind 30S RSU (16S part) and inhibit protein synthesis by weaking ribosome-tRNA interaction
• Bacteria: gram (+), gram (+), some anaerobes
• Bacterstatic

*Mammals lack the ability to take it up so this helps with selectivity

27
Q 
MUPIROCIN
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

• Mupirocin
• MOA
o Isoleucyl transfer-RNA syntetase inhibition – NO CROSS-RESISTANCE with other classes
• Bacteria: gram (-) and gram (+) , Strep. Pyogenes and MRSA
• Bactricidal

28
Q 
Chlroamphenicol 
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

• Mupirocin
• MOA
o Isoleucyl transfer-RNA syntetase inhibition – NO CROSS-RESISTANCE with other classes MAY INTERFERE WITH CLINDAMYCIN AND MACROLIDES
• Bacteria: gram (-) and gram (+) , Strep. Pyogenes and MRSA
• Bactricidal

29
Q 
FOSFOMYCIN
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

• Unknown group
• MOA
o Transported in via Glycerol3P or G6P transport system s
o Uses epoxide group to irreversibly inactivate enolpyruvyl transferase by taking place of phosphoenolpyruvate THIS HAPPENS EARLY IN CELL WALL SYNTH.
• Bacteria: ??
• Bactericidal

30
Q 
AMPICILLIN
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A 
•	AMINOPENICILLIN
•	 MOA:
o	PBP binding inducing cell wall lysis 
o	NH2 group allows it to cross lipid membrane of gram (-) bacteria 
•	 Bacteria: gram (+) and gram (-)
31
Q 
AZTREONAM
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

MONOBACTAM
• MOA
o PBP inhibitor – for one INSIDE the cell wall
o SULFONIC acid insteat of thiazole attached to ß-lactam ring
• Bacteria: gram (+)
• Bactricidal

32
Q 
PENICILLIN G
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A 
•	Penicillin  
•	MOA
o	Binds to PBP causing cell wall lysis  
•	 Bacteria: gram (+), STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE, CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS 
•	Bactericidal
33
Q 
PIPERACILLIN
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A 
•	AMINOPENICILLIN – BROAD SPECTRUM 
•	 MOA:
o	PBP binding inducing cell wall lysis 
o	NH2 group allows it to cross lipid membrane of gram (-) bacteria 
•	 Bacteria: gram (+) and gram (-) 
•	Bactericidal
34
Q 
IMIPENEM
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

Carbapenems
• MOA:
o Inhibit PBP
o Replacing sulfur with carbon in the thialzole ring makes it better at penetrating, gives it resistance to bacterial enzymes, and affinity for all PBPs
• Bacteria: gram(-) and gram (+) (PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA)
• Bactericidal

35
Q 
IMIPENEM/CILASTIN
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

• Carbapenems
• MOA:
o Inhibit PBP
o 6 membered ring makes it better at penetrating, gives it resistance to bacterial enzymes, and affinity for all PBPs
• Bacteria: gram(-) and gram (+) (PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA)
• Bactericidal
**CILASTIN inhibits DHP-2 in kidney proximal tubules INCREASING urinary concentration of Imipenem

36
Q 
AMOXICILLIN
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A 
AMINOPENICILLIN
•	 MOA:
o	PBP binding inducing cell wall lysis 
o	NH2 group allows it to cross lipid membrane of gram (-) bacteria 
•	 Bacteria: gram (+) and gram (-)
37
Q

CALVULANIC ACID

Given with Piperacillin to inhibit ß-lactamases

A

TAZOBACTAM

Given with Piperacillin to inhibit ß-lactamases

38
Q 
Nafcillin
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

• Penicillin – NARROW spectrum
• MOA:
o PBP binding leading to cell wall degradation
o Bulky side chain inhibits ß-lactamases
• Bacteria: gram (+)
• Bactericidal

39
Q 
OXACILLIN
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal 
•	Broad or Narrow Spectrum
A

• Penicillin – NARROW spectrum
• MOA:
o PBP binding leading to cell wall degradation
o Bulky side chain inhibits ß-lactamases
• Bacteria: gram (+), non-MRSA STAPH.
• Bactericidal

40
Q 
PENICILLIN V
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A 
Penicillin  
•	MOA
o	Binds to PBP causing cell wall lysis  
•	 Bacteria: gram (+)
•	Bactericidal
41
Q 
VANCOMYCIN 
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal
A

Vancomycin
• MOA
o Prevents binding of traspeptidases to D-ala D-ala
• Bacteria: gram (+) (e.g. C. Diff), MRSA, (STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE – only if resitance to penicillin)
• Bactericidal

42
Q 
Cefazolin 
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal 
•	WHEN is it used?
A

• Cephalosporin I
• MOA:
o 6 memebered ring, PBP inhibition leading to cell wall degradation
• Bacteria: Steptococcus or Staphylococcus
• Bactricidal
• SURGICAL PROPHYLAXIS

43
Q 
CEPHALEXIN
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal 
•	WHEN is it used?
A

• Cephalosporin I
• MOA:
o 6 memebered ring, PBP inhibition leading to cell wall degradation
• Bacteria: Steptococcus or Staphylococcus
• Bactricidal
• OUT PATIENT USE

44
Q 
Cefepime 
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal 
•	Treats WHAT?
A

Cephalosporin IV
• MOA
o 6 memebered ring, PBP inhibition leading to cell wall degradation
• Bacteria: gram (-) anaerobes
• Treats – Pseudomonal Infections (PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA)

45
Q 
CEFTRIAXONE
•	Group (common root)
•	MOA (general and specific)
•	Bacteria Treated 
•	Bacteriostatic or Bactericidal 
•	Treats WHAT?
A

• Cephalosporin III
• MOA
o 6 memebered ring, PBP inhibition leading to cell wall degradation
• Bacteria: gram (-) anaerobes , STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE
• Treats – pediatric meningitis

PHARMACOLOGY - Antibiotics and Immunosuppressives (12 decks)

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