Antibiotics Flashcards

Question

Examples of antibiotics against gram positive bacteria

Answer 1

``` Penicillins against strep, staph, listeria Fusidic acid Macrolides against strep Clindamycin - strep Glycopeptides against strep and staph Oxazolidinones - strep and staph Daptomycin - strep and staph ```

Answer 2

``` Polymixin Trimethoprim Aminoglycosides - also against strep and staph which are gram positive Monobactams Temocillin ```

Answer 3

``` Beta Lactams (Carbapenems Amoxicillin Piperacillin Cephalosporins) ``` Chloramphenicol - also positive, negative, anaerobes Tetracycline - also positives, negative, anaerobes

Answer 4

- peptidoglycan | - not contained in eukaryote cell wall

Answer 5

- inhibit cell wall synthesis - gram positive - oral and IV - 4-6 times a day dose - penetrate most tissues inc. meninges - side effect allergy IgE mediated anaphylaxis, - pregnancy safe - for streptococcal and meningococcal disease - produces beta lactamase and alters protein binding protein to bacteria - resistance to many staphylococcus and S. penumoniae, worldwide gonococcal - rash with allopurinol

Answer 6

- inhibits cell wall synth - gram positive and negative - oral and IV - 3 x a day - penetrates most - penicillin allergy, fever, neutropenia, mononucleosis - pregnancy safe - resistance staphylococci and pneumoniae, worldwide gonococcal - for streptococcal drug choice if not sore throat, listeria - produces beta lactamase and PBP - rash with allopurinol

Answer 7

- inhibits cell wall synth - gram positive - oral and IV - 4 x a day - penetrates most - penicillin allergy, rash, leukopenia - pregnancy - same resistance as pen - S. aureus drug of choice except MRSA - alters PBP

Answer 8

- amoxicillin and clavulanic acid - inhibits cell wall synth and beta lactamase inhibitor - gram +, -, anaerobes - oral and IV - 3 x a day - penetrates most - liver injury - MRSA resistance to it - for polymicrobial infections - alters PBP, impermeability, efflux

Answer 9

- piperacillin and tazobactam - inhibits cell wall and beta lactamase inhibitor - gram +, -, anaerobes - IV - 3-4 x day - penetrates most - pen allergy, neutropenia, hypernatremia - MRSA resistant - for polymicrobial inf. - PBPs, efflux, impermeability - interacts with methotrexate

Answer 10

- cell wall - +, -, pseudomonas - IV - 3 x day - penetrates most - allergy, C. difficile - pregnancy and children - MRSA res. - for pneumonia, intra ab serious and UTIs - PBP, efflux, impermeability, beta lactamases

Answer 11

``` - cell wall +, -, not pseudomonas - IV - 1/2 a day - penetrates most and inflamed meninges - allergy, C. difficile - MRSA resistant - for meningitis and pneumonia - PBPs, efflux, imp. ```

Answer 12

- cell wall - + and -, pseudomonas - IV 3 x day - penetrates most and inflamed meninges - allergy, C. difficile - MRSA resistant - for UTIs, inta ab, not for community acquired infection - PBPs, efflux, beta lactamase, impermeability

Answer 13

- cell wall, beta lactamase inhibits - +, -, anaerobes, pseudomonas - IV - 3 x day - penetrates most inc. inflamed mininges - allergy, rash, seizures - MRSA resistant - for polymicrobial inf. - PBP, efflux, imp

Answer 14

- cell wall - +, anaerobes - IV - 1/2 x day - poor penetration into CSF - nephrotoxic - VRE resistant - for problem gram positive infections - alters binding site

Answer 15

``` Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol Macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin) Clindamycin Fusidic acid ```

Answer 16

- acts on 30S ribosome - gram +, -, pseudomonas - IV - 1 a day - water soluble, poor lung and CNS penetration - nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity - gram - org resistant some - use for serious systemic sepsis - efflux, imp - nephrotoic with vancomycin, colistin

Answer 17

- acts on 50S ribosome - bacteriostatic - gram + - oral and IV - 1/2 x day - excellent IC penetration - children - QT prolong, inhibits P450, otitis media, pharyngitis, legionnairs - staph and strep resistance - for atypical agents, pen allergy and STIs - mutates binding site

Answer 18

- quinolones - rifampicin -metronidazole (nucleic metabolism similar in bacteria to mammals so selective toxicity is often poor except with these)

Answer 19

- inhibits DNA gyrase - +, staph not strep, -, pseudomonal - oral and IV - 2 x a day - meninges and most penetrate - not pregnant - lowers seizure threshold, tendon rupture - high resistance rates - UTI, intra abdom, - not for pneumonia - efflux and imperm

Answer 20

Sulphonamides (inhibits dihydropteroate synthase) | Trimethoprim (inhibits dihydrofolate reductase which is in human cells to but is much more active on bacterial enzyme)

Answer 21

Dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate | - trimethoprim targets

Answer 22

Forms dihydropteroate from first molecules | Targeted by sulphonamide

Answer 23

Amphotericin (antifungal agent) Colistin (polymyxin) Daptomycin

Answer 24

- selectively toxicity - reach and concentrate target organ - reach good levels in body fluids infected - minimally toxic - does not select resistance - inexpensive

Answer 25

Widely prescribed - often when conditions did not require them - agricultural use (dose cattle to increase yield, battery farming to control infection)

Answer 26

``` UTIs RTIs Neisseria gonorrhea M. TB DIarrhoeal disease Penicillin resistance MDR Salmonella H. Influenzae Growing hospital resistant infections (methicillin resistant S. aureus, enterococci) Need in emergency department ```