Antibiotics Flashcards
Antibiotic definition
Chemical that is produced by one microbe that has the ability to harm another microbe
Given to slow growth of bacteria or kill them
Antimicrobial agent definition
Any agent, natural or synthetic, which has ability to kill or suppress microorganisms
Bacteriostatic stop growth by
DNA replication
Metabolism
Protein production
Bacteriacidial
Kills bacteria
Penicillin, amoxicillin, flucloxacclin
Selective toxicitiy exploited in 3 main ways
Disruption of bacteria cell wall
Inhibition of enzymes unique to bacteria
Disruption of bacterial protein synthesis
Sulfonamids (bactrim)
Inhibit enzyme needed to make folic acid (mammalian cells can acquire from diet)
Disruption of protein synthesis
Certain antimicrobial agens can affect the function of bacterial ribosomes and prevent protein synthesis from happening as bacteria ribosomes are different than mammalian
7 classes and MOA for antibiotics
Weakening of cell wall causing lysis and death penicillin
Increase permeability of cell membrane causing leakage of intracellular material
Inhibition (lethal) of folic acid synthesis - gentamicin
Nonlethal inhibition of proteins tetracyclines don’t kill just slow
Ciprofloxacin inhibits bacterial synthesis of DNA and RNA
Antimetabolites decrease synthesis of essential cell function
Suppression of viral replication
Narrow spectrum
For gram positive cocci and bacilli
Gram negative aerobes
Mycobacterium TB
Broad spectrum
Also gram positive cocci and gram negative bacilli
Antiviral drugs
HIV infection, influenza, others
4 mechs for drug resistance
Reduction of drug concentration at site of action (microbes cease activity of uptake, or increase export)
Drug inactivation by microbes
Alteration of drug target molecules
Production of antagonist compounds
3 prinicpals for antibiotic selection
Oragnism, sensativity of organism, host factors (immune system etc)
Tough sites to reach with antiobiotics
Meningitis, endocarditis, infected abscessesm foregin material (valves, pacemakers)
Untreatable infections
Common cold, bronchitis, sore throat, sinusitis
Toxoid
A bacterial toxin that has been changed into a nontoxic form
True contras
Anaphylaxis and moderate or severe illness with or without a fever
Not contras for vaccines
Mild to moderate local reaction, mild acute illness, diarrhea, antimicrobial therapy, recovery phase of illness, prematuriry, exposure, penacillin/other allergies
Measles
Viral, rash and high fever
Spread by inhalation of sputum or contact with secretions
Risk of encephalitis
Mumps
Viral disease of salivary glands, swelling/pain/fever
Risk of meningitis
Rubella
Viral, sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, rash
Can cause miscarriage, stillbirth and congenital defects
Diptheria
Lethal bacteria infection characterized by sore through, fever, headache, nausea, airway compromise, heart failure, paralysis
Tetanus
Lethal bacteria infection caused by muscle cell spasm, spread by soild dust and feces
Pertussis
Lethal bacteria infection chracterized by persistent cough
Seizures, ear infections, pneumonia, neuro damage
Polio
Muscle paralysis, Viral
Haemophilus influenza type B
Bacterial, meningitis, pneumonia and throat/ear infections
Leading cause of bacterial meningits and can cause permanent neuro damage
Varicella
Chicken pox
Viral, skin lesions, fever, malaise, loss of appetite,
Children are prone to cerebellar ataxia and reyes syndrome
Pneumonia in adults, fatality more likely
Hep B
Viral liver infection. Anorexia, malaise, diarrhea, vomiting, jaundice and pain
Cirrhosis, liver cancer, death
Hep A
Viral infection of the liver characterized by same critera as Hep B less complications than B though
Spread via oral and fecal route
Pneumoccal infection
Lethal bacteria, meningitis, sepsis, pneumonia, ear infections
Leading cause of childhoold bacterial meningitis and may lead to perma nero damage
Meningococcal infection
Lethal bacteria characterized by meningitis
Spread via resp secretions
Influenza
Viral, fever, cough, chills, sore throat, headache, myalgia
Bronchitis and pneumonia
Spread via droplets
Rotavirus
Viral infection of intestinal mucosa characterized by stomach pain/fever/vomiting and dirrhea
Severe dehydration
Fecal-oral route
Genital HPV
most common STI
Genital warts or cervical cancer
Spread via sexual contact
MMR
12-15 months and again at 4-6
May cause anaphylaxis and thrombocytopenia
Three live viruses
DTaP - Diptheria/ Tetanus toxoids, acellular pertussis
May cause encephalopathy
Given at 2, 4, 6, 15-18 months and 4-6 years
Boosters at 11-12 then every ten years
Poliovirus Vaccine
Inactivated poliovirus
No serious effects - not a live virus anymore
2,4, 61-8 months 4-6 years
Haemophilius infleunza type B conjuagte vaccine LOL SPELLING
Pollysaccharide from HIB combined with diptheria toxoid, tetanus toixoid or a membrane protein from neisseria
No serious effects
HPV vaccine
May cause Guillain-Barre
Females 11-12 y/o three doses in 6 months
Rotavirus
Live that protects against 4-5 of most common subtypes
No serious effects
Meningoccocal conjugate vaccine MCV4
May cause guillain barre
Given at 11-12years
Influenze vaccine
Live or inactivated
Guillain Barre or anaphylaxis
October/november started at 6-18months
Hep A vaccine
Inactivated
Anaphylaxis
